   On Monday March 2, RJ Mical (=RJ=) spoke at the Boston Computer Society
meeting in Cambridge.

   Fortunately I was momentarily possessed with an organizational passion,
and I took copious notes.  I present them here filtered only through my
memory and my Ann Arbor.  My comments are in [square brackets].  What
follows is a neutron-star-condensed version of about three and one half
hours of completely uninterrupted discussion.



PART 1 - The Rise and Fall of Amiga Computer Inc.
==== === === ==== === ==== == ===== ======== ====


The Early Days
--- ----- ----
   Amiga Computer Inc. had its beginnings, strangely enough, RJ began, with
the idea of three Florida doctors who had a spare $7 million to invest.
They thought of opening a department store franchise, but (as RJ said) they
wanted to try something a bit more exciting.  So they decided to start a
computer company.  "Yeah, that's it!  A computer company!  That's the
ticket!  :-)"

   They found Jay Miner, who was then at Atari (boo hiss) and Dave Morse,
the VP of sales (you can see their orientation right off..) they lifted
>from Tonka Toys.  The idea right from the start was to make the most killer
game box they could.  That was it, and nothing more. However Jay and the
techies had other ideas.  Fortunately they concealed them well, so the
upper management types still thought they were just getting a great game
machine.  Of course the market for machines like that was hot hot hot in
1982...

   They got the name out of the thesaurus; they wanted to convey the
thought of friendliness, and Amiga was the first synonym in the list.  The
fact that it came lexically before Apple didn't hurt any either, said RJ.

   However before they could get a machine out the door, they wanted to
establish a "market presence" which would give them an established name and
some distribution channels - keep thinking "game machine" - which they did
by selling peripherals and software that they bought the rights to from
other vendors.  Principal among these was the Joyboard, a sort of joystick
that you stand on, and you sway and wiggle your hips to control the
switches under the base.  They had a ski game of course, and some track &
field type games that they sold with this Joyboard. But one game the folks
at Amiga Inc. thought up themselves was the Zen Meditation game, where you
sat on the Joyboard and tried to remain perfectly motionless.  This was
perfect relaxation from product development, as well as from the ski game. 
And in fact, this is where the term Guru Meditation comes from; the only
way to keep sane when your machine crashes all the time is the ol'
Joyboard.  The execs tried to get them to take out the Guru, but the early
developers, bless 'em, raised such a hue and cry they had to put it back in
right away.

   When RJ interviewed with Amiga Computer (he had been at Williams) in
July 1983, the retail price target for the Amiga was $400.  Perfect for a
killer game machine.  By the time he accepted three weeks later, the target
was up to $600 and rising fast.  Partly this was due to the bottom dropping
completely out of the game market; the doctors and the execs knew they had
to have something more than just another game box to survive.  That's when
the techies' foresight in designing in everything from disk controllers to
keyboard (yes, the original original Amiga had NO KEYBOARD), ports, and
disk drives began to pay off.

   The exciting part of the Amiga's development, in a way its adolescence,
that magical time of loss of innocence and exposure to the beauties and
cruelties of the real world, began as plans were made to introduce it,
secretly of course, at the winter CES on January 4th, 1984(?).


Adolescence
-----------
   The software was done ten days before the CES, and running fine on the
simulators.  Unfortunately when the hardware was finally powered up several
days later, (surprise) it didn't match its simulations.  This hardware, of
course, was still not in silicon.  The custom chips were in fact large
breadboards, placed vertically around a central core and wired together
round the edges like a Cray.  Each of the three custom `chips' had one of
these towers, each one a mass of wires.  According to RJ, the path leading
up to the first Amiga breadboard, with its roll-out antistatic flooring,
the antistatic walls just wide enough apart for one person to fit through
and all the signs saying Ground Thyself, made one think of nothing so much
as an altar to some technology god.

   After working feverishly right up to the opening minutes of the CES,
including most everybody working on Christmas, they had a working Amiga,
still in breadboard, at the show in the booth in a special enclosed gray
room, so they could give private demos.  Unfortunately if you rode up the
exhibit-hall escalator and craned your neck, you could see into the room
>from the top.

   The Amiga was, RJ reminisced, the hardest he or most anyone there had
ever worked.  "We worked with a great passion...my most cherished memory is
how much we cared about what we were doing.  We had something to prove...a
real love for it.  We created our own sense of family out there."

   After the first successful night of the CES, all the marketing guys got
dollar signs in their eyes because the Amiga made SUCH a splash even though
they were trying to keep it "secret."

   And so they took out all the technical staff for Italian food, everyone
got drunk and then they wandered back to the exhibit hall to work some more
on demos, quick bug fixes, features that didn't work, and so on.  At CES
everyone worked about 20 hours a day, when they weren't eating or sleeping.

   RJ and Dale Luck were known as the "dancing fools" around the office
because they'd play really loud music and dance around during compiles to
stay awake.

   Late that night, in their drunken stupor, Dale and RJ put the finishing
touches on what would become the canonical Amiga demo, Boing.

   At last the true story is told.


Money Problems
----- --------
   After the CES, Amiga Inc. was very nearly broke and heavily in debt. It
had cost quite a bit more than the original $7 million to bring the Amiga
even that far, and lots more time and money were needed to bring it to the
market.  Unfortunately the doctors wanted out, and wouldn't invest any
more.  So outside funding was needed, and quick.

   The VP of Finance balanced things for a little while, and even though
they were $11 million in the hole they managed to pay off the longest-
standing debts and keep one step ahead of Chapter 11.  After much
scrounging, they got enough money to take them to the June CES; for that
they had REAL WORKING SILICON.  People kept peeking under the skirts of the
booth tables asking "Where's the REAL computer generating these displays?"

   Now money started flowing and interest was really being generated in the
media.  And like most small companies, as soon as the money came in the
door it was spent.  More people were added - hardware folks to optimize and
cost-reduce the design; software people to finish the OS.  Even the sudden
influx of cash was only enough to keep them out of bankruptcy, though; they
were still broke and getting broker all the time.  How much WOULD have been
enough?   RJ said that if he were starting over, he'd need about $49
million to take the machine from design idea to market.  Of course Amiga
Inc. had nowhere near that much, and they were feeling the crunch.  Every-
body tightened their belts and persevered somehow.  They actually were at
one point so broke they couldn't meet their payroll; Dave Morse, the VP of
Sales, took out a second mortgage on his house to help cover it, but it
still wasn't enough.

   They knew they were going under, and unless they could find someone
quick to buy them out they were going to be looking for jobs very shortly.
They talked to Sony, to Apple, to Phillips and HP, Silicon Graphics (who
just wanted the chips) and even Sears.  Finally...they called Atari. (Boo!
Hiss! [literally - the audience hissed at Jack Tramiel's name!])  Trying to
be discreet, RJ's only personal comment on Jack Tramiel was (and it took
him a while to formulate this sentence) "an interesting product of the
capitalist system."  Ahem.  Apparently Tramiel has been quoted as saying
"Business is War."  Tramiel had recently left Commodore in a huff and
bought Atari "undercover" so that by the time he left C= he was already CEO
of Atari.

   Realizing that Commodore was coming out with their own hot game machine,
Tramiel figured he'd revenge himself on them for dumping him by buying
Amiga Inc. and driving C= down the tubes with "his" superior product.  So
Atari gave them half a million just for negotiating for a month; that money
was gone in a day.

   Of course Tramiel saw that Amiga Inc. wasn't in a very good bargaining
position; basically unless they were bought they were on the street.  So he
offered them 98 cents a share; Dave Morse held out for $2.00.  But instead
of bargaining in good faith, every time Morse and Amiga tried to meet them
halfway their bid went down!

"Okay, $1.50 a share.
   No, we think we'll give you 80 cents.
How about $1.25?
   70 cents."

And so on...

   Even Dave Morse, the staunchest believer in the concept that was the
Amiga, the guiding light who made everyone's hair stand on end when he
walked into the room, was getting depressed.  Gloom set in.  Things looked
grim.

   Then, just three days before the month deadline was up, Commodore
called.  Two days later they bought Amiga Inc. for $4.25 a share. They
offered them $4.00, but Dave Morse TURNED THEM DOWN saying it wasn't
acceptable to his employees; he was on the verge of walking out when they
offered $4.25.  He signed right then and there.


The Commodore Years
--- --------- -----
   Commodore gave them $27 million for development; they'd never seen that
much money in one place before.  They went right out and bought a Sun
workstation for every software person, with Ethernet and disk servers and
everything.  The excitement was back.

   Commodore did many good things for the Amiga; not only did they cost-
reduce it without losing much functionality, they had this concept of it as
a business machine; this was a very different attitude from what Amiga Inc.
had been working with.  Because of that philosophy, they improved the
keyboard [ha! - garyo] and made lots of other little improvements that RJ
didn't elaborate on.

   What could Commodore have given them that they didn't?  The one thing RJ
wanted most from them was an extra 18 months of development time. Unfortu-
nately Commodore wasn't exactly rich right then either, so they had to
bring out the product ASAP [and when is it ever any different?]  Also, he
said, they could have MARKETED it.  (applause!).  If he'd had that extra 18
months, he could have made Intuition a device rather than a separate kind
of thing; he could have released it much more bug-free.

   As far as marketing goes, the old ad agency has been fired; we should
see some new Amiga ads real soon now.


The Future
--- ------
   RJ's advice for A1000 owners: "Keep what you've got.  It's not worth it
to trade up.  The A1000 is really a better machine."

   This may be sour grapes on RJ's part, since the Amiga 2000 was designed
in Braunschweig, West Germany, and the version of the A2000 being worked on
in Los Gatos was rejected in favor of the Braunschweig-Commodore version. 
However the A1000 compares to the A2000, though, the Los Gatos 2000 would
have certainly been better than either machine.  C= management vetoed it
because Braunschweig promised a faster design turnaround (and, to their
credit, were much faster in execution than the Los Gatos group would have
been) and more cost-reduction, which was their specialty.  Los Gatos, on
the other hand, wanted a dream machine with vastly expanded capabilities in
every facet of the machine.  The cruel financial facts forced C= to go with
the Business Computer Group, who did the Sidecar in Braunschweig as well,
and quickly and cheaply.

   So they fired more than half the staff at the original Los Gatos
facility, one by one.  That trauma was to some extent played out on the
net; no doubt many of you remember it as a very difficult and emotional
time.  There are now only six people left in Los Gatos, and their lease
expires in March, so thus expires the original Amiga group.

   And that's how RJ ended his talk; the rise and fall of Amiga Computer
Inc.  The future of the Amiga is now in the hands of Westchester and
Braunschweig, and who knows what direction it will take?



PART 2 - Technical Questions From the Audience
==== === ========= ========= ==== === ========


   I'll just make this part a list of technical questions and answers,
since that was the format at the talk anyway.  This part is part technical
inquiries and part total rumor mill; caveat emptor.

   Q's are from the audience, A's are =RJ=.

............................................................................

Q: When is 1.3 coming and what's in it?

A: 1.3 (or maybe it'll be called 1.2A) will be mostly just 1.2 with hard
   disk boot; it'll look for Workbench on dh0: as well as df0:.

   No one is working on it right now, although there are people in West
   Chester planning it.


Q: Can you do double buffering with Intuition?
A: Pop answer: No.  Thought-out: well, yes, but it's not easy.  Use
   MenuVerify and don't change the display while menus are up.  It's pretty
   hairy.


Q: How big is intuition (source code)?
A: The listings (commented) are about a foot thick, 60 lpp, 1 inch margins.


Q: Where did MetaComCo come into the Amiga story?
A: MCC's AmigaDOS was a backup plan; the original Los Gatos-written
   AmigaDOS was done with some co-developers who dropped out due to
   contract and money hassles when C= bought Amiga.  Then MCC had to crank
   EXTREMELY hard to get their BCPL DOS into the system at the last
   possible minute.


Q: Why isn't the Sidecar out?
A: Who knows?  It passed FCC in December...


Q: Why no MMU?
A: Several reasons.  Obviously, cost was a factor.  MMUs available at the
   time the Amiga was designed also consumed system time [this is what he
   said- I'm just the scribe]; although newer MMUs solve this problem they
   were too late for the Amiga.

   Second, the original goal of the Amiga was to be a killer game machine
   with easy low-level access, and an MMU didn't seem necessary for a game
   machine.

   Third [get this!] with an MMU, message-passing becomes MUCH MUCH hairier
   and slower, since in the Amiga messages are passed by just passing a
   pointer to someone else's memory.  With protection, either public memory
   would need to be done and system calls issued to allocate it, etc., or
   the entire message would have to be passed.  Yecch.  So the lack of MMU
   actually speeds up the basic operation of the Amiga several fold.


Q: Why no resource tracking?
A: The original AmigaDOS/Exec had resource tracking; it's a shame it died.


Q: How is your game coming? [??]
A: It's just now becoming a front-burner project.  It's number crunch
   intensive; hopefully it will even take over the PC part of the 2000 for
   extra crunch.  It's half action, half strategy; the 'creation' part is
   done, only the playing part needs to be written.  Next question. :-)


Q: Will there ever be an advanced version of the chip set?
A: Well, Jay Miner isn't working on anything right now...   [RUMOR ALERT]
   The chip folks left in Los Gatos who are losing their lease in March
   were at one time thinking about 1k square 2meg chip space 128-color
   graphics, although still with 4 bit color DACs though... and even stuff
   like a blitter per plane (!!) They were supposed to be done now, in the
   original plans; the chip designers will be gone in March, but the design
   may (?) continue in West Chester.  Maybe they'll be here two years from
   now.


Q: What will happen to the unused Los Gatos A2000 design?
A: ??????


Q: Should I upgrade from my 1000 to a 20
00?
A: Probably not.  The 2000 isn't enough better to justify the cost.  Unless
   you need the PC compatibility, RJ advocated staying with the 1000. 
   After all the 2000 doesn't have the nifty garage for the keyboard...:-) 
   The A1000 keyboard is better built; you can have kickstart on disk; it's
   smaller and a LOT quieter, [maybe not than the old internal drives!!!]
   and uses less power; the 2000 has no composite video out, plus the RGB
   quality is a tad worse.  Composite video (PAL or NTSC) is an extra-cost
   option with the 2000.


Q: Have you ever seen a working Amiga-Live!?
A: Yes, I've seen it taking 32-color images at 16fps, and HAM pictures at
   something like half that. [!!]  It's all done and working.  I don't know
   why it's not out.  It sure beats Digiview at 8 seconds per image!


Q: What do you use for Amiga development tools?
A: DPaint and Infominder, Aztec C, Andy Finkel's Microemacs.

Q: What's the future of the A1000?
A: They aren't making any right now; they're just shipping from stock.  But
   they do claim that they intend to continue making them.


Q: Is MetaComCo's stuff all really slow, or what? :-)
A: Yes, it is slow.  But don't knock it, it works.


Q: Who is the competition for Amiga right now?
A: The new Macs are so expensive, they're not a threat to the 2000, much
   less the 1000.  Atari's new stuff "doesn't impress me."  [that's all he
   said.]


Q: What can I do about lack of Amiga ads, and the quality of the ones that
   do exist?
A: Write (don't call) Clive Smith in Marketing at Westchester and tell him
   they need better ads.


Q: Why are the pixels 10% higher than wide?
A: The hardware came out that way, and it would have been a pain to do it
   any other way due to sync-rate-multiple timing constraints.


[that's all folks!]

===========================================================================

The preceding tome was produced entirely by placing my terminal cable just
next to the microwave on high and wiggling it around like !*(&t%*h5i@!s, so
don't take any of it too seriously. :-)

               Gary Oberbrunner

--
Remember,             -Truth is not beauty;
Information is not knowledge; /   Beauty is not love;     Gary Oberbrunner
Knowledge is not wisdom;     /   Love is not music;     ...!masscomp!garyo
Wisdom is not truth;    ----/   Music is the best. - FZ

-- 
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