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Intro
-----------------
Y0, this is an intro to blue boxing in the 90's.  I don't claim
to be an expert, or an authority on the topic of international or regional
signalling, just someone interested.  The information provided in this
file is not illegal.  Almost all of it is publicly available.

*** NOTICE ***
This is not meant to be a comprehensive guide to C5, R1 or any
other form of signalling.  Treat it as an introduction.  There is alot
of information I have not included, because a) It would confusing,
and b) It's not important.  Id like to stress that alot of my examples
have been OVER SIMPLIFIED for convetion. I have included a list of refrences
that you should probably check-out if your interested.  This info is/was
publicly available at most quality Librarys.  Fr3e inph0 4 aLl.  

As with all things of a suspicious nature, you will eventually get
caught.  How long you go without getting caught depends on skill, precaution,
and luck.   


Generally, Wut iZ Signalling
-----------------
Signalling is the term used to describe how telecommunication
networks communicate with each other.  There are many types of signalling,
including DC Pulsing (like on a rotary-fone) and even DTMF.  Dialing
a phone number is actually a form of signalling called subscriber line
signalling.

Telephone networks communicate via special "lines", connecting each other
up, called Trunks.  Information about a call, and in some cases the
conversation, is passed through a trunk line to the called network.  The
called end gathers the signalling information, manipulates some hardware, 
and  voila- a call is made.  If the called line is busy etc.. then the
called end signals back to the called system, and the caller get a busy
signal. 

Thats way over simplified, (and somewhat incorrect) but I'll explain more as
I go.  Until then, here is an analogy. :)

Trunk lines are like Bridges (the kind you drive over).  Instead of running
many small bridges to various locations, one large bridge is built in a
convienient spot. Even though there is only one bridge, it's big and handles
lots of traffic, effectivley connecting two sections of town. :)

The one signalling system I will discuss is: CCITT5.  It is still possible
to use other systems (Like R1), but most people wont be able to find them.

CCITT5 (C5) is an international Signalling system.  It was designed for
handeling international calls going over the trans-atlantic cables.  Its
still widley used in many South American, Carribean, Asian and poorer
countrys. Slowly, it's dying out.

C5 is a standard protocal set by the ITU (International Telecommunications
Union), formerly known as the CCITT. (International Telegraph and Telephone
Consulative Committee).  They set communication standards and publish lots of
documentation about the aforementioned as well as various other
communications related topics.

More about Signalling
-----------------
As is with most things, its kind of neccesary to understand a bit about
the system you will be (ab)using.  In the following sections, I'll describe
Trunk Lines, terminal and transit networks, line signalling, and
interregister signalling. 

Trunk Lines
-----------------
A trunk line is a circut that connects two (2) networks together.  You
may already be familiar with the trunk lines running between CO's. 
For C5, however,  the trunk lines will be the ones that connect transit
(international) networks to terminal (national) networks in distant countrys.

For our C5 purposes, an International trunk will look like this:

       __________                                    __________
      | OUTGOING |=>====>====> FORWARD >====>====>==| INCOMING |
      | EXCHANGE |                                  | EXCHANGE |
      |__________|==<====<=== BACKWARD =<====<====<=|__________|
        (Caller)                                     (Reciever)

Signals sent in the forward direction go from the callers
end to the recipiants end, and the opposite goes for the backward
direction. 

For C5 this is not compleatly acurate.  In reality it's not the outgoing
exchange the sends the C5 signalling info to the incoming exchange; its
really an international "gateway" at the transit (national) exchange that
sends the C5 info to the incoming transit exchange.  Go see the refrences if
you really care.  

Signals really just audio noises (like beeps) that represent certain
"commands" (line signalling) and "parameters" (interregister singalling)
to be issued to the routing/switching equipment. The  signalling
hardware picks these signals up by looking for characteristic energy levels.
At the end of this file (amongst the other tables) you will find a list
of singals, and their frequencys.

The trunk lines not only transmit signalling information, they also
transmit your conversation.  So, when you make a call over one of these
trunks you have access to more than a friendly voice. :)  I once wondered
why in the hell anyone would ever do such a stupid thing, but the answer
is simple.  With the volume of traffic going overseas, and the cost of
the cable, equipment, boats, crew and design, the profit for using a single
line to handle both signalling and voice eaisly outweighs the amount of
"potential" loss due to fraud or bad connections.  No one really cares.

If your wondering how your going to find a C5 trunk and access it for
free, then stop.  Its really simple.  Home Country Directs take care of it
for you.  You just dial an 800/888 that's connected to another country.
Ive included an older list of HCD's accessable from Canada at the end
of this file.

        Some terms you should know:

                Terminal -- National
                 Transit -- International

Line Signalling
-----------------
This really only applies to C5, because R1 uses 2600Hz to sequentially
determine the state of line conditions.

Line signalling issues commands/responses that mess with the actual
connection of the line.  Answer,  Busy-Flash, Clear Forward and Clear Back
are all Line Signals.  Though you only need to know about Clear Forward
for now, I'll give you a brief definition of the above.

        Answer:  This is a signal sent in the backward direction to indicate
                 that a connection has been established to the called party
                 and appropriate action (like billing) should begin.

          Busy:  This a signal sent in the backward  direction to indicate
                 that the called party's line is not available.  This doesn't
                 always mean the line is busy, it just means you can't talk
                 to them right yet.

 Clear Forward:  This is a signal, sent in the forward direction to tell
                 the incoming exchange to kill the current interregister
                 connection. Its pretty much the same thing as hanging up.
                 Sort of. :)  (See clear backward)

Clear Backward:  This is a signal, sent in the backward direction, to tell
                 the outgoing exchange to clear the current interregister
                 connection (disconnect the call from the [inter]national
                 network).  To you, its almost useless.

Proceed-to-send: A signal sent in response to a seize, by the incoming
                 exchange, indicating that it is ready to recieve
                 interregister (routing) information.

  Release Guard: A signal sent in the backward direction indicating
                 that the circut is free at the incoming end.

          Seize: A signal sent in the forward direction to prepare the
                 incoming exchange for a call.

There are alot of other line signalls, but you'll have to look at the
refrences for those.   The big ones to pay attention to now are Seize,
Release Guard, Clear Forward and Proceed-to-send.

To best describe the operation of line signalling, I'll use an example
of a call from John Smith in Albany, NY to a Johan Smitelly in Greece.

  > = forward direction
  < = backward direction

     J.Smith: Dials Greece --+ Call is routed from the US to Greece.
                             |
                             |       
                             |
                    1.  >US: SEIZE    
                    2.  <GR: PROCEED-TO-SEND
                    3.  >US: KP1-XXXXXXX-ST (Interregister, more later)
                    4.  <GR: "Ring-Ring"
                    5.  <GR: ANSWER
                             |
                             |
                             |
                        "Worst pot i've ever smoked!, Damn yank!!"
                        (Greece Hangs Up)
                             |
                    6.  <GR: CLEAR BACKWARD
                    7.  >US: CLEAR FORWARD

     1. US takes hold of a line
     2. Greece says Okay, where to?
     3. US says "Terminal call, XXXXXXXX, go"
     4. Ring
     5. Greece says - "Hey! America, start billing your subscriber."
     6. Greece tells america to let go of their circut.
     7. America says let go of yours.
     The call is over.


And thats pretty much it.  After the clear forward the whole process
starts over again.  

As a blue boxer, you must: Terminate your current call (with a Clear Forward)
                           Take control of a circut (With a Siezure)
                           Send your NEW routing info (KPX-XXXXXXXX-ST)

The incoming exchange will respond with all of the appropriate tones, because
it thinks your signalling equipment. 
                          
And this brings me into interregister signalling.

Interregister Signalling
-----------------
You learned how to take control of a line (with Line Signalling), but
you still don't know how to do anything with that line.  Thats where
Interregister signalling comes into play.  Interregister signalling is the
process of actually routing your call (telling it where to go).  The cool
thing is that you can make your call go ANYWHERE (theoretically),
give yourself a higher priority then a regular caller, and gain access to
numbers that you can't get to through the regular telephone network.

Here are a few terms you will need to know:

        KP1:  Indicates the beggining of a terminal (national) routing.

        KP2:  Indicates the beggining of a transit (international) routing.

         ST:  Indicates the end of a routing.

I'll start with terminal calls.

A terminal call is one that is inside of the national network that owns the
trunk line.  It's kind of like a local call, but fuck the regional boundries.
The format for a typical terminal call is:

        KP1 - XXXXXXX -  ST
                        
Pretty easy.  Just like R1. :) 

Transit calls are formated a little diffrent because they obviously need
more information.  The format for a typical transit call is:

        KP2 - Country Code - Discriminating Digit - XXXXXXX - ST

        The Discriminating Digit specifies what kind of caller you are
        (or in some cases your language).

There are other routing formats, depending on what you want to do.  Here
are some examples, just so it'll all sink in.

* Note:
        F> = Forward direction  (You send it)
        R< = Backward direction (You hear it)
        
        All examples start after a call has been placed to a C5 Exchange
        in whatever country.

.     Type of Call: Terminal, Automatic 
    Number to call: 506-674-7575  

        R< "Hello?"
        F> CLEAR FORWARD
        R< RELEASAE GUARD
        F> SEIZE
        R< PROCEED-TO-SEND
        F> KP1-506-674-7575-ST

        
.     Type of Call: Transit, Automatic
    Number to Call: 44-602-86125
        R< "Ci?"
        F> CLEAR FORWARD
        R< RELEASE GUARD
        F> SIEZE
        R< PROCEED-TO-SEND
        F> KP2-44-10-602-86125-ST


.     Type of Call: Terminal, Semi-automatic
    Number to Call: English Code11(Inward) Operator

        R<"Snakes Crack House, Snake speaking."
        F>CLEAR FORWARD
        R<RELEASE GUARD
        F>SIEZE
        R<PROCEED-TO-SEND
        F>KP1-2-Code11-ST

There's enough there for you to work with.  Enj0y.  Other than a few
technical details, you should now know enough to get started on your own.
If you want more information, check out the refrences.  Check out the
next session if you want to avoid alot of hassle.


Q & A session
-----------------
It would be really nice if everything were as easy as sending a never-changing
series of tones down a line.  In the real world things don't work quite as
easily.  The line signalling codes a VERY picky and need to be sent at
exactly the right time, with the proper delays in between signals.
This section will just run through alot of common problems and their
solutions.

Q. Where can I get a blue box?

A. Go download Scavenger Dialer, By Scavenger
   ftp:  ftp.fc.net/phrack
        or
   Write your own
        or
   Build a hardware bluebox (The Jolly Box)


Q. How do I know if the number Im calling goes through a C5 trunk?

A. Usually if you listen, you will hear wierd beeps before the phone
   rings, when the person answers the phone, or after the called party
   hangs up.  These noises are actually signals being sent in the
   reverse direction. 

Q. Why can't I just blast tones, and how do I find the freq's??

A. The breaking-freq's of Blue boxing are alot like k0d3z to wAReZ k1dz.
   Trading is a good way to get them, but you can also scan them.  Typically
   the timings will be:

                   Clear Forward     |    Seize
        Length:       150ms          +    150ms
                                     |
         Delay:        10ms          |
   
   When scanning, just adjust your timings by about 10 ms.  The lengths
   of Clear Forward, Delay, and Seize are all variable.


Q. I'm positive I'm sending the right tones with the right freqs.
   Why isn't anything working?             

A. Sound quality is a big issue too.  The tones are picked up by energy level,
   which means that they are volume sensitive.  To much volume, to much
   energy.  To little volume, not enough energy.   It wouldn't be a problem
   if you could send tones DIRECTLY to the incoming exchange,  but the call
   is really routed through 2 national networks (outgoing and incoming)
   over a potentially crappy multiplexed wire, and through a middle
   transit international exchange.  Sometimes the connections are so poor
   you just have to hang-up (this is rare).  Remember that the countrys
   you are calling are only setup this way because it's affordable.

   For instance- Iceland has mechanical switching equipment handling a certain
   Canada-Iceland trunk.  If you send signals quick enough,  you'll actually
   knock their equipment out of whack, and shut down the trunk until someone
   manually puts the thing back on track. :) Just an example of the kind of
   conditions you can expect.

   If your playing the tones into a phone, make sure your phone has excellent
   recpetion (Nortern Telecoms Harmony's are perfect), and use a small,
   high-quality earphone.

   If you pump the tones into the wire, make sure you get rid of any noise.


Q.  I hear the release guard, but I can't sieze. Whats wrong?

A.  You probably got your volume screwed, the timings wrong, or your
    tones arn't pure enough.


Q.  I only use Cellular.  Can I still box?

A.  It IS possible to box over a cell phone.  Ive never done it myself, but
    I know someone who has gotten it to work (after considerable effort)


Q.  Why can't I call my pals back in the US?

A.  Routing is an interesting problem.  Not every trunk is allowed to route
    everywhere.  Sometimes you can only call certain countrys, and sometimes
    you can't call any (other than terminal).  Some require a routing code,
    some don't.  If you can dial transit calls to a limited number of countrys,
    start playing with mutliple siezures.


Q.  What are multiple Seizures? 

A.  You call one country, box to another, sieze the new country, call
    another, etc... It's like finding a path through various countrys
    to make it to your destination.   


Q.  Damn AT&T.  Filtering my line.  I'm gonna sue, but until then, what?

A.  If your tones are being filtered by your telco, then add some noise.
    You'll need find that small window that makes your tones valid enough
    to signal, yet bogus enough to pass the filters.   There are many
    methods to doing this.
        . Add side tones
        . Dont use 
        . Constantly adjust your volume (to generate a warbeling effect).


Q.  I have a big hack comming up, and I really DON'T want to get caught.
    How can I maximize my chances of success via the Blue box?

A.  The answer to that is politics. :)  Go through countrys that are
    on not-so-friendly terms with eachother.  If the "attacked" country
    cant find out where the call came from because the country that handled
    the call refuses to cooperate, what can they do? 


Tables and Charts
-----------------
Here's all of the info you need.


       CCITT system 5 Line Signals
       Signal         Frequency(Hz)
      --------------+--------------    
      Seizure                 2400 *
      Clear Forward    2600 + 2400 *
      Clear Backward          2600
      Proceed-to-Send         2600
      Release guard    2400 + 2600

        * Signals relevant to this
          file.  There are more 
          signals, but you can look
          them up yourself if your
          really interested.



        CCITT syste 5 Interregister MF Signals
        Signal        Frequency(Hz)
        ------------+--------------
         KP1 (term)   1100 + 1700
         KP2 (trans)  1300 + 1700
         Digit 1       700 + 900
               2       700 + 1100
               3       900 + 1100
               4       700 + 1300
               5       900 + 1300
               6      1100 + 1300
               7       700 + 1500
               8       900 + 1500
               9      1100 + 1500
               0      1300 + 1500
         Code11        700 + 1700
         Code12        900 + 1700
         ST (end)     1500 +  1700



        List of Home Country Directs
        -------------------------------
        Australia Direct        800-682-2878
        Austria Direct          800-624-0043
        Belgium Direct          800-472-0032
        Belize Direct           800-235-1154
        Bermuda Direct          800-232-2067
        Brazil Direct           800-344-1055
        British VI Direct       800-248-6585
        Cayman Direct           800-852-3653
        Chile Direct            800-552-0056
        China Direct            800-532-4462
        Costa Rica Direct       800-252-5114
        Denmark Direct          800-762-0045
        El Salvador Direct      800-422-2425
        Finland Direct          800-232-0358
        France Direct           800-537-2623
        Germany Direct          800-292-0049
        Greece Direct           800-443-5527
        Guam Direct             800-367-4826
        HK Direct               800-992-2323
        Hungary Direct          800-352-9469
        Indonesia Direct        800-242-4757
        Ireland Direct          800-562-6262
        Italy Direct            800-543-7662
        Japan Direct            800-543-0051
        Korea Direct            800-822-8256
        Macau Direct            800-622-2821
        Malasia Direct          800-772-7369
        Netherlands Direct      800-432-0031
        Norway Direct           800-292-0047
        New Zealand Direct      800-248-0064
        Portugal Direct         800-822-2776
        Panama Direct           800-872-6106
        Philippines Direct      800-336-7445
        Singapore Direct        800-822-6588
        Spain Direct            800-247-7246
        Sweden Direct           800-345-0046
        Taiwan Direct           800-626-0979
        Thailand Direct         800-342-0066
        Turkey Direct           800-828-2646
        UK Direct               800-445-5667
        Uruguay Direct          800-245-8411
        Yugoslavia Direct       800-367-9841 / 9842

        * Thanks to the Phone Company for bringing
          us this file


            
Conclusion
------------
I hope I've answered some of the more common question relating to signalling.
My intent was to provide an introduction to signalling. If you found this
file useful, please pass it along.  If you think it sucks, write a better
one.

-LineMan 

Greets go out to:

     All 9X members -- W3rD up!
     Cartel Members -- R0q 0n, b-ware the Delta
          Scavenger -- You have the best dialer in t0wn.
          Substance -- Ewe n33d some hash.
                 SL -- Good luck... 
             Sl0ppy -- ph3aR the GPk ph0Rc3z
               QwiK -- Yo. B??36, <letorp> 
              Virus -- I got a job :)
            Bspline -- Hi
         TelcoNigga -- Wassup
    The Kansas Crew -- Y0, I will visit!@# 
         BlackHeart -- Get a k0mpUd3r.
            WildMan -- Java!@

      "He who claims to know everything, knows the least of
     all; for he is not aware of that which he does not know."
