LUXEMBOURG                                                                      
GEOGRAPHY                                                                       
Total area: 2,586 km2; land area: 2,586 km2                                     
                                                                                
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island                            
                                                                                
Land boundaries: 359 km total; Belgium 148 km, France 73 km,                    
Germany 138 km                                                                  
                                                                                
Coastline: none--landlocked                                                     
                                                                                
Maritime claims: none--landlocked                                               
                                                                                
Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers                   
                                                                                
Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys;             
uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle       
floodplain in the southeast                                                     
                                                                                
Natural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited)                               
                                                                                
Land use: arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures             
20%; forest and woodland 21%; other 34%                                         
                                                                                
Environment: deforestation                                                      
                                                                                
Note: landlocked                                                                
                                                                                
PEOPLE                                                                          
Population: 388,017 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)                        
                                                                                
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)                                   
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)                                   
                                                                                
Net migration rate: 8 migrants/1,000 population (1991)                          
                                                                                
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)                        
                                                                                
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1991)                 
                                                                                
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991)                            
                                                                                
Nationality: noun--Luxembourger(s); adjective--Luxembourg                       
                                                                                
Ethnic divisions: Celtic base, with French and German blend; also               
guest and worker residents from Portugal, Italy, and European countries         
                                                                                
Religion: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%                          
                                                                                
Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; many also speak English                
                                                                                
Literacy: 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can                     
read and write (1980 est.)                                                      
                                                                                
Labor force: 169,600; one-third of labor force is foreign workers,              
mostly from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG; services 50%,            
industry 23.2%, government 14.4%, construction 9%, agriculture 3.4%             
(1987)                                                                          
                                                                                
Organized labor: 100,000 (est.) members of four confederated                    
trade unions                                                                    
                                                                                
GOVERNMENT                                                                      
Long-form name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg                                       
                                                                                
Type: constitutional monarchy                                                   
                                                                                
Capital: Luxembourg                                                             
                                                                                
Administrative divisions: 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher,                  
Luxembourg                                                                      
                                                                                
Independence: 1839                                                              
                                                                                
Constitution: 17 October 1868, occasional revisions                             
                                                                                
Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ                 
jurisdiction                                                                    
                                                                                
National holiday: National Day (public celebration of the Grand                 
Duke's birthday), 23 June (1921)                                                
                                                                                
Executive branch: grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister,              
Council of Ministers (cabinet)                                                  
                                                                                
Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des                 
Deputes); note--the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory            
body whose views are considered by the Chamber of Deputies                      
                                                                                
Judicial branch: Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de                  
Justice)                                                                        
Leaders:                                                                        
                                                                                
Chief of State--Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964);                       
Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955);        
                                                                                
Head of Government--Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July                
1984); Vice Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)                 
                                                                                
Political parties and leaders:                                                  
Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER;                                   
Socialist Workers Party (LSAP), Jacques POOS;                                   
Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH;                                                   
Communist (KPL), Andre HOFFMANN;                                                
Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS                                              
                                                                                
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18                                    
                                                                                
Elections:                                                                      
                                                                                
Chamber of Deputies--last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held                 
by June 1994);                                                                  
results--CSV 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%,                
KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%;                                                           
seats--(60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1                
                                                                                
Communists: 500 party members (1982)                                            
                                                                                
Other political or pressure groups: group of steel industries                   
representing iron and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing            
agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions; Federation        
of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation                          
                                                                                
Member of: ACCT, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB,             
EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,         
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, PCA,            
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO                        
                                                                                
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Andre PHILIPPE; Chancery at               
2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)              
265-4171; there are Luxembourg Consulates General in New York and San           
Francisco;                                                                      
                                                                                
US--Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at 22 Boulevard                        
Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City (mailing address is APO New York         
09132); telephone  352  460123                                                  
                                                                                
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light               
blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands which uses a darker blue and       
is shorter; design was based on the flag of France                              
                                                                                
ECONOMY                                                                         
Overview: The stable economy features moderate growth, low                      
inflation, and negligible unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but       
highly productive family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until              
recently dominated by steel, has become increasingly more diversified,          
particularly toward high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth       
in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in            
steel. Services, especially banking, account for a growing proportion           
of the economy. Luxembourg participates in an economic union with               
Belgium on trade and most financial matters and is also closely connected       
economically to the Netherlands.                                                
                                                                                
GDP: $6.9 billion, per capita $18,000; real growth rate 2.5%                    
(1990)                                                                          
                                                                                
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1990 est.)                              
                                                                                
Unemployment rate: 1.3% (1990 est.)                                             
                                                                                
Budget: revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including             
capital expenditures of NA (1988)                                               
                                                                                
Exports: $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);                                           
                                                                                
commodities--finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products,               
glass, aluminum, other industrial products;                                     
                                                                                
partners--EC 75%, US 5%                                                         
                                                                                
Imports: $6.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);                                      
                                                                                
commodities--minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods;              
                                                                                
partners--Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2%                               
                                                                                
External debt: $131.6 million (1989 est.)                                       
                                                                                
Industrial production: growth rate - 1% (1990 est.); accounts for               
25% of GDP                                                                      
                                                                                
Electricity: 1,500,000 kW capacity; 1,163 million kWh produced,                 
3,170 kWh per capita (1989)                                                     
                                                                                
Industries: banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals,                
metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum                             
                                                                                
Agriculture: accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry);             
principal products--barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes;         
cattle raising widespread                                                       
                                                                                
Economic aid: none                                                              
                                                                                
Currency: Luxembourg franc (plural--francs);                                    
1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes                                        
                                                                                
Exchange rates: Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1--31.102 (January              
1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987), 44.672       
(1986), 59.378 (1985); note--the Luxembourg franc is at par with the            
Belgian franc, which circulates freely in Luxembourg                            
                                                                                
Fiscal year: calendar year                                                      
                                                                                
COMMUNICATIONS                                                                  
Railroads: Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 270 km                   
1.435-meter standard gauge; 162 km double track; 162 km electrified             
                                                                                
Highways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km                   
earth; about 80 km limited access divided highway                               
                                                                                
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River                                          
                                                                                
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km                                              
                                                                                
Ports: Mertert (river port)                                                     
                                                                                
Merchant marine: 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker                 
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,731 GRT/2,460 DWT                                
                                                                                
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft                                          
                                                                                
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;                  
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 1,220 m                   
                                                                                
Telecommunications: adequate and efficient system, mainly buried                
cables; 230,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 4 FM, 6 TV; 2 communication         
satellite earth stations operating in EUTELSAT and domestic systems             
                                                                                
DEFENSE FORCES                                                                  
Branches: Army, National Gendarmerie                                            
                                                                                
Manpower availability: males 15-49, 100,476; 83,724 fit for                     
military service; 2,297 reach military age (19) annually                        
                                                                                
Defense expenditures: $90 million, 1.2% of GDP (1990)                           
                                                                                
