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          Contents of this file                            page
     CONVENTION OF THE NATIONAL LIBERAL LEAGUE.              1
     HOW TO EDIT A LIBERAL PAPER.                            2
     LIFE.                                                   4
     THE LIBEL LAWS.                                         5
     IS IT EVER RIGHT FOR HUSBAND OR WIFE TO KILL A RIVAL?   6
     INSPIRATION.                                           10
     THE JEWS.                                              13
     OUR SCHOOLS.                                           19

                          ****     ****

          This file, its printout, or copies of either
          are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold.

          Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201

                The Works of ROBERT G. INGERSOLL

                          ****    ****

           CONVENTION OF THE NATIONAL LIBERAL LEAGUE.

              Cincinnati, Ohio, September 14, 1879.

     LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: Allow me to say that the cause nearest
my heart, and to which I am willing to devote the remainder of my
life, is the absolute, the absolute, enfranchisement of the human
mind. I believe that the family is the unit of good government, and
that every good government is simply an aggregation of good
families. I therefore not only believe in perfect civil and
religions liberty, but I believe in the one man loving the one
woman. I believe the real temple of the human heart is the
hearthstone, and that there is where the sacrifice of life should
be made; and just in proportion as we have that idea in this
country, just in that proportion we shall advance and become a
great, glorious and splendid nation. I do not want the church or
the state to come between the man and wife. I want to do what
little I can while I live to strengthen and render still more
sacred the family relation. I am also in favor of granting every
right to every other human being that I claim for myself; and when
I look about upon the world and see how the children that are born
to-day, or this year, or this age, came into a world that has
nearly all been taken up before their arrival; when I see that they
have not even an opportunity to labor for bread; when I see that in
our splendid country some who do the most have the least, and
others who do the least have the most; I say to myself there is
something wrong somewhere, and I hope the time will come when every
child that nature has invited to our feast will have an equal right
with all the others. There is only one way, in my judgment, to
bring that about; and that is, first, not simply by the education
of the head, but by the universal education of the heart. The time
will come when a man with millions in his possession will not be
respected unless with those millions he improves the condition of
his fellow men. The time will come when it will be utterly
impossible for a man to go down to death, grasping millions in the
clutch of avarice. The time will come when it will be impossible 

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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           CONVENTION OF THE NATIONAL LIBERAL LEAGUE.

for such a man to exist, for he will be followed by the scorn and
execration of mankind. The time will come when such a man when
stricken by death, cannot purchase the favor of posterity by
leaving a portion of the gains which he has wrung from the poor, to
some church or Bible society for the glory of God.

     Now, let me say that we have met together as a Liberal League.
We have passed the same platform again; but if you will read that
platform you will see that it covers nearly every word that I have
spoken -- universal education -- the laws of science included, not
the guesses of superstition -- universal education, not for the
next world but for this -- happiness, not so much for an unknown
land beyond the clouds as for this life in this world. I do not say
that there is not another life. If there is any God who has allowed
his children to be oppressed in this world he certainly needs
another life to reform the blunders he has made in this.

     Now, let us all agree that we will stand by each other
splendidly, grandly; and when we come into convention let us pass
resolutions that are broad, kind, and genial, because, if you are
true Liberals, you will hold in a kind of tender pity the most
outrageous superstitions in the world. I have said some things in
my time that were not altogether charitable; but, after all, when
I think it over, I see that men are as they are, because they are
the result of every thing that has ever been.

     Sometimes I think the clergy a necessary evil; but I say, let
us be genial and kind, and let us know that every other person has
the same right to be a Catholic or a Presbyterian, and gather
consolation from the doctrine of reprobation, that he has the same
right to be a Methodist or a Christian Disciple or a Baptist; the
same right to believe these phantasies and follies and
superstitions -- [A voice -- "And to burn heretics?"]

     No -- The same right that we have to believe that it is all
superstition. But when that Catholic or Baptist or Methodist
endeavors to put chains on the bodies or intellects of men, it is
then the duty of every Liberal to prevent it at all hazards. If we
can do any good in our day and generation, let us do it.

     There is no office I want in this world. I will make up my
mind as to the next when I get there, because my motto is -- and
with that motto I will close what I have to say - My motto is: One
world at a time!

                               END

                          ****    ****

                  HOW TO EDIT A LIBERAL PAPER.

     A LIBERAL paper should be edited by a Liberal man. And by the
word Liberal I mean, not only free, not only one who thinks for
himself, not only one who has escaped from the prisons of customs
and creed, but one who is candid, intelligent and kind -- that is
to say, Liberal toward others.



                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                  HOW TO EDIT A LIBERAL PAPER.

     This Liberal editor should not forever play upon one string,
no matter how wonderful the music. He should not have his attention
forever fixed upon one question -- that is to say, he should not
look through a reversed telescope and narrow his horizon to that
degree that he sees only one thing.

     To know that the Bible is the literature of a barbarous
people, to know that it is uninspired, to be certain that the
supernatural does not and cannot exist -- all this is but the
beginning of wisdom. This only lays the foundation for unprejudiced
observation. To kill weeds, to fell forests, to drove away or
exterminate wild beasts -- this is preparatory to doing something
of greater value. Of course the weeds must be killed, the forests
must be felled. and the beasts must be destroyed before the
building of homes and the cultivation of fields.

     A Liberal paper should not discuss theological questions
alone. Intelligent people everywhere have given up most of the old
superstitions. They have pretty well made up their minds what is
false, and they want to know something that is true. For this
reason, a Liberal paper should keep abreast of the discoveries of
the human mind. No science should be neglected; no fact should be
overlooked. Inventions should be described and understood. And not
only this, but the beautiful in thought, in form and color, should
be preserved. The paper should be filled with things calculated to
interest thoughtful, intelligent and serious people. There should
be a column for children as well as for men and women.

     Above all, it should be perfectly kind and candid. In
discussion there is no place for hatred, no opportunity for
slander. A personality is always out of place. An angry man can
neither reason himself, nor perceive the reason of what another
says. The orthodox world has always dealt in personalities. Every
minister can answer the argument of an opponent by attacking the
character of the opponent. This example should never be followed by
a Liberal man. Nobody can be bad enough to prove that the Bible is
uninspired, and nobody can be good enough to prove that it is the
word of God. These facts have no relation. They neither stand nor
fall together.

     Nothing should be asserted that is not known. Nothing should
be denied, the falsity of which has not been, or cannot be,
demonstrated. Opinions are simply given for what they are worth.
They are guesses, and one guesser should give to another guesser
all the right of guessing that he claims for himself. Upon the
great questions of origin, of destiny, of immortality, of
punishment and reward in other worlds, every honest man must say,
"I do not know." Upon these questions, this is the creed of
intelligence. Nothing is harder to bear than the egotism of
ignorance and the arrogance of superstition. The man who has some
knowledge of the difficulties surrounding these subjects, who knows
something of the limitations of the human mind, must, of necessity,
be mentally modest. And this condition of mental modesty is the
only one consistent with individual progress.

     Above all, and over all, a Liberal paper should teach the
absolute freedom of the mind, the utter independence of the
individual, the perfect liberty of speech. We should remember that 

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                  HOW TO EDIT A LIBERAL PAPER.

the world is as it must be; that the present is the necessary
offspring of the past; that the future must be what the present
makes it, and that the real work of the reformer, of the
philanthropist, is to change the conditions of the present, to the
end that the future may be better. -- 

                         Secular Thought, Toronto, January 8, 1887.

                               END

                          ****    ****

                              LIFE.

     BORN of love and hope, of ecstasy and pain, of agony and fear,
of tears and joy -- dowered with the wealth of two united hearts --
held in happy arms, with lips upon life's drifted font, blue-veined
and fair, where perfect peace finds perfect form -- rocked by
willing feet and wooed to shadowy shores of sleep by siren mother
singing soft and low -- looking with wonder's wide and startled
eyes at common things of life and day -- taught by want and wish
and contact with the things that touch the dimpled flesh of babes
-- lured by light and flame, and charmed by color's wondrous robes
-- learning the use of hands and feet, and by the love of mimicry
beguiled to utter speech -- releasing prisoned thoughts from
crabbed and curious marks on soiled and tattered leaves -- puzzling
the brain with crooked numbers and their changing, tangled worth --
and so through years of alternating day and night, until the
captive grows familiar with the chains and walls and limitations of
a life.

     And time runs on in sun and shade, until the one of all the
world is wooed and won, and all the lore of love is taught and
learned again. Again a home is built with the fair chamber wherein
faint dreams, like cool and shadowy vales, divide the billowed
hours of love. Again the miracle of a birth -- the pain and joy,
the kiss of welcome and the cradle-song drowning the drowsy prattle
of a babe.

     And then the sense of obligation and of wrong -- pity for
those who toil and weep -- tears for the imprisoned and despised --
love for the generous dead, and in the heart the rapture of a high
resolve.

     And then ambition, with its lust of pelf and place and power,
longing to put upon its breast distinction's worthless badge. Then
keener thoughts of men, and eyes that see behind the smiling mask
of craft -- flattered no more by the obsequious cringe of gain and
greed -- knowing the uselessness of hoarded gold -- of honor bought
from those who charge the usury of self-respect -- of power that
only bends a coward's knees and forces from the lips of fear the
lies of praise. Knowing at last the unstudied gesture of esteem,
the reverent eyes made rich with honest thought, and holding high
above all other things -- high as hope's great throbbing star above
the darkness of the dead -- the love of wife and child and friend,




                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                4

                              LIFE.

     Then locks of gray, and growing love of other days and half-
remembered things -- then holding withered hands of those who first
held his, while over dim and loving eyes death softly presses down
the lids of rest,

     And so, locking in marriage vows his children's hands and
crossing others on the breasts of peace, with daughters' babes upon
his knees, the white hair mingling with the gold, he journeys on
from day to day to that horizon where the dusk is waiting for the
night. -- At last, sitting by the holy hearth of home as evening's
embers change from red to gray, he falls asleep within the arms of
her he worshiped and adored, feeling upon his pallid lips love's
last and holiest kiss.

                               END

                          ****    ****

                         THE LIBEL LAWS.

     Question. Have you any suggestions to make in regard to
remodeling the libel laws?

     Answer. I believe that every article appearing in a paper
should be signed by the writer. If it is libelous, then the writer
and the publisher should both be held responsible in damages. The
law on this subject, if changed, should throw greater safeguards
around the reputation of the citizen. It does not seem to me that
the papers have any right to complain. Probably a good many suits
are brought that should not be instituted, but just think of the
suits that are not brought.

     Personally I have no complaint to make, as it would be very
hard to find anything in any paper against me, but it has never
occurred to me that the press needed any greater liberty than it
now enjoys.

     It might be a good thing for a paper to publish each week, a
list of mistakes, if this could be done without making that edition
too large. But certainly when a false and scandalous charge has
been made by mistake or as the result of imposition, great pains
should be taken to give the retraction at once and in a way to
attract attention.

     I suppose the papers are liable to be imposed upon -- liable
to print thousands of articles to which the attention of the editor
or proprietor was not called. Still, that is not the fault of the
man whose character is attacked. On the whole I think the papers
have the advantage of the average citizen as the law now is.

     If all articles had to be signed by the writer, I am satisfied
the writer would be more careful and less liable to write anything
of a libelous nature. I am willing to admit that I have given but
little attention to the subject, probably for the reason that I
have never been a sufferer.




                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                5

                         THE LIBEL LAWS.

     It would hardly do to hold only the writer responsible.
Suppose a man writes a libelous article, leaves the country, and
then the article is published; is there no remedy? A suit for libel
is not much of a remedy, I admit, but it is some. It is like the
bayonet in war. Very few are injured by bayonets, but a good many
are afraid that they may be.

                              The Herald, Now York, October 1888.

                               END

                          ****     ****

              IS IT EVER RIGHT FOR HUSBAND OR WIFE

                        TO KILL A RIVAL?

     HOW far should a husband or wife go in defending the sanctity
of home?

     Is it right for the husband to kill the paramour of his wife?

     Is it right for the wife to kill the paramour of her husband?

     These three questions are in substance one, and one answer
will be sufficient for all.

     In the first place, we should have an understanding of the
real relation that exists, or should exist, between husband and
wife.

     The real good orthodox people, those who admire St. Paul, look
upon the wife as the property of the husband. He owns, not only her
body, but her very soul. This being the case, no other man has the
right to steal or try to steal this property. The owner has the
right to defend his possession, even to the death. In the olden
time the husband was never regarded as the property of the wife,
She had a claim on him for support, and there was usually some way
to enforce the claim. If the husband deserted the wife for the sake
of some other woman, or transferred his affections to another, the
wife, as a rule, suffered in silence. Sometimes she took her
revenge on the woman, but generally she did nothing. Men killed the
"destroyers" of their homes, but the women, having no homes, being
only wives, nothing but mothers -- bearers of babes for masters --
allowed their destroyers to live.

     In recent years women have advanced. They have stepped to the
front. Wives are no longer slaves. They are the equals of husbands.
They have homes to defend, husbands to protect and "destroyers" to
kill. The rights of husbands and wives are now equal. They live
under the same moral code. Their obligations to each other are
mutual. Both are bound, and equally bound, to live virtuous lives.

     Now, if A falls in love with the wife of B, and she returns
his love, has B the right to kill him? Or if A falls in love with
the husband of B, and he returns her love, has B the right to kill 
her?


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                6

              IS IT EVER RIGHT FOR HUSBAND OR WIFE
                        TO KILL A RIVAL?

     If the wronged husband has the right to kill, so has the
wronged wife.

     Suppose that a young man and woman are engaged to be married,
and that she falls in love with another and marries him, has the
first lover a right to kill the last?

     This leads me to another question: What is marriage? Men and
women cannot truly be married by any set or form of words, or by
any ceremonies however solemn, or by contract signed, sealed and
witnessed; or by the words or declarations of priests or judges.
All these put together do not constitute marriage. At the very best
they are only evidences of the fact of marriage -- something that
really happened between the parties. Without pure, honest, mutual
love there can be no real marriage. Marriage without love is only
a form of prostitution. Marriage for the sake of position or wealth
is immoral. No good, sensible man wants to marry a woman whose
heart is not absolutely his, and no good, sensible woman wants to
marry a man whose heart is not absolutely hers. Now, if there can
be no real marriage without mutual love, does the marriage outlast
the love? If it is immoral for a woman to marry a man without
loving him, is it moral for her to live as the wife of a man whom
she has ceased to love? Is she bound by the words, by the ceremony,
after the real marriage is dead? Is she so bound that the man she
hates has the right to be the father of her babes?

     If a girl is engaged and afterward meets her ideal, a young
man whose presence is joy, whose touch is ecstasy, is it her duty
to fulfill her engagement? Would it not be a thousand times nobler
and purer for her to say to the first lover: "I thought I loved
you; I was mistaken. I belong heart and soul to another, and if I
married you I could not be yours."

     So, if a young man is engaged and finds that he has made a
mistake, is it honorable for him to keep his contract? Would it not
be far nobler for him to tell her the truth?

     The civilized man loves a woman not only for his own sake, but
for her sake. He longs to make her happy -- to fill her life with
joy. He is willing to make sacrifices for her, but he does not want
her to sacrifice herself for him. The civilized husband wants his
wife to be free wants the love that she cannot help giving him. He
does not want her, from a sense of duty, or because of the contract
of ceremony, to act as though she loved him, when in fact her heart
is far away. He does not want her to pollute her soul and live a
lie for his sake. The civilized husband places the happiness of his
wife above his own. Her love is the wealth of his heart, and to
guard her from evil is the business of his life.

     But the civilized husband knows when his wife ceases to love
him that the real marriage has also ceased. He knows that it is
then infamous for him to compel her to remain his wife. He knows
that it is her right to be free -- that her body belongs to her,
that her soul is her own. He knows, too, if he knows anything, that
her affection is not the slave of her will.



                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                7

              IS IT EVER RIGHT FOR HUSBAND OR WIFE
                        TO KILL A RIVAL?

     In a case like this, the civilized husband would, so far as
hehad the power, release his wife from the contract of marriage,
divide his property fairly with her and do what he could for her
welfare. Civilized love never turns to hatred.

     Suppose he should find that there was a man in the case, that
another had won her love, or that she had given her love to
another, would it then be his right or duty to kill that man? Would
the killing do any good? Would it bring back her love? Would it
reunite the family? Would it annihilate the disgrace or the memory
of the shame? Would it lessen the husband's loss?

     Society says that the husband should kill the man because he
led the woman astray.

     How do we know that he betrayed the woman? Mrs. Potiphar left
many daughters, and Joseph certainly had but few sons. How do we
know that it was not the husband's fault? She may for years have
shivered in the winter of his neglect. She may have borne his
cruelties of word and deed until her love was dead and buried side
by side with hope. Another man comes into her life. He pities her.
She looks and loves. He lifts her from the grave. Again she really
lives, and her poor heart is rich with love's red blood. Ought this
man to be killed? He has robbed no husband, wronged no man. He has
rescued a victim, released an innocent prisoner and made a life
worth living. But the brutal husband says that the wife has been
led astray; that he has been wronged and dishonored, and that it is
his right, his duty, to shed the seducer's blood. He finds the
facts himself. He is witness, jury, judge and executioner. He
forgets his neglect, his cruelties, his faithlessness; forgets that
he drove her from his heart, remembers only that she loves another,
and then in the name of justice he takes the life of the one she
loves.

     A husband deserts his wife, leaves her without money, without
the means to live, with his babes in her arms. She cannot get a
divorce; she must wait, and in the meantime she must live. A man
falls in love with her and she with him. He takes care of her and
the deserted children. The "wronged" husband returns and kills the
"betrayer" of his wife. He believes in the sacredness of marriage,
the holiness of home.

     It may be admitted that the deserted wife did wrong, and that
the man who cared for her and her worse than fatherless children
also did wrong, but certainly he had done nothing for which he
deserved to be murdered.

     A woman finds that her husband is in love with another woman,
that he is false, and the question is whether it is her right to
kill the other woman. The wronged husband has always claimed that
the man led his wife astray, that he had crept and crawled into his
Eden, but now the wronged wife claims that the woman seduced her
husband, that she spread the net, wove the web and baited the trap
in which the innocent husband was caught. Thereupon she kills the
other woman.



                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                8

              IS IT EVER RIGHT FOR HUSBAND OR WIFE
                        TO KILL A RIVAL?

     In the first place, how can she be sure of the facts? How
doesshe know whose fault it was? Possibly she was to blame herself.

     But what good has the killing done? It will not give her back
her husband's love. It will not cool the fervor of her jealousy. It
will not give her better sleep or happier dreams.

     It would have been far better if she had said to her husband:
"Go with the woman you love. I do not want your body without your
heart, your presence without your love."

     So, it would be better for the wronged husband to say to the
unfaithful wife: "Go with the man you love. Your heart is his, I am
not your master. You are free."

     After all, murder is a poor remedy. If you kill a man for one
wrong, why not for another? If you take the law into your own hands
and kill a man because he loves your wife and your wife loves him,
why not kill him for any injury he may inflict on you or yours?

     In a civilized nation the people are governed by law. They do
not redress their own wrongs. They submit their differences to
courts. If they are wronged they appeal to the law. Savages redress
what they call their wrongs, They appeal to knife or gun. They
kill, they assassinate, they murder; and they do this to preserve
their honor. Admit that the seducer of the wife deserves death,
that the woman who leads the husband astray deserves death, admit
that both have justly forfeited their lives, the question yet
remains whether the wronged husband and the wronged wife have the
right to commit murder.

     If they have this right, then there ought to be some way
provided for ascertaining the facts. Before the husband kills the
"betrayer," the fact that the wife was really led astray should be
established, and the "wronged" husband. who claims the right to
kill, should show that he had been a good, loving and true husband.

     As a rule, the wives of good and generous men are true and
faithful. They love their homes, they adore their children. In
poverty and disaster they cling the closer. But when husbands are
indolent and mean, when they are cruel and selfish, when they make
a hell of home, why should we insist that their wives should love
them still?

     When the civilized man finds that his wife loves another he
does not kill, he does not murder. He says to his wife, "You are
free."

     When the civilized woman finds that her husband loves another
she does not kill, she does not murder. She says to her husband, "I
am free." This, in my judgment, is the better way. It is in
accordance with a far higher philosophy of life, of the real rights
of others. The civilized man is governed by his reason, his
intelligence; the savage by his passions. The civilized man seeks
for the right, regardless of himself; the savage for revenge,
regardless of the rights of others.


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                9

              IS IT EVER RIGHT FOR HUSBAND OR WIFE
                        TO KILL A RIVAL?

     I do not believe that murder guards the sacredness of home,
the purity of the fireside. I do not believe that crime wins
victories for virtue. I believe in liberty and I believe in law.
That country is free where the people make and honestly uphold the
law. I am opposed to a redress of grievances or the punishment of
criminals by mobs and I am equally opposed to giving the "wronged"
husbands and the "wronged" wives the right to kill the men and
women they suspect. In other words, I believe in civilization.

     A few years ago a merchant living in the West suspected that
his wife and bookkeeper were in love. One morning he started for a
distant city, pretending that he would be absent for a couple of
weeks. He came back that night and found the lovers occupying the
same room. He did not kill the man, but said to him: "Take her; she
is yours. Treat her well and you will not be troubled. Abuse or
desert her and I will be her avenger."

     He did not kill his wife, but said: "We part forever. You are
entitled to one-half of the property we have accumulated. You shall
have it. Farewell!"

     The merchant was a civilized man a philosopher.

                               END

                          ****     ****

                          INSPIRATION.

     We are told that we have in our possession the inspired will
of God. What is meant by the word "inspired" is not exactly known;
but whatever else it may mean, certainly it means that the
"inspired" must be the true. If it is true, there is in fact no
need of its being inspired -- the truth will take care of itself.

     The church is forced to say that the Bible differs from all
other books; it is forced to say that it contains the actual will
of God. Let us then see what inspiration really is. A man looks at
the sea, and the sea says something to him. It makes an impression
upon his mind. It awakens memory, and this impression depends upon
the man's experience -- upon his intellectual capacity. Another
looks upon the same sea. He has a different brain; he has had a
different experience. The sea may speak to him of joy; to the other
of grief and tears. The sea cannot tell the same thing to any two
human beings, because no two human beings have had the same
experience.

     Another, standing upon the shore, listening to what the great
Greek tragedian called "The multitudinous laughter of the sea," may
say: Every drop has visited all the shores of the earth; every one
has been frozen in the vast and icy North; every one has fallen in
snow, has been whirled by storms around mountain peaks; every one
has been kissed to vapor by the sun; every one has worn the seven-
hued garment of light; every one has fallen in pleasant rain,
gurgled from springs and laughed in brooks while lovers wooed upon
the banks, and ever one has rushed with mighty rivers back to the 


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               10

                          INSPIRATION.

sea's embrace. Everything in Nature tells a different story to all
eyes that see, and to all ears that hear.

     Once in my life, and once only, I heard Horace Greeley deliver
a lecture. I think the title was "Across the Continent." At last he
reached the mammoth trees of California, and I thought, "Here is an
opportunity for the old man to indulge his fancy. Here are trees
that have outlived a thousand human governments. There are limbs
above his head older than the pyramids. While man was emerging from
barbarism to something like civilization, these trees were growing.
Older than history, every one appeared to be a memory, a witness,
and a prophecy. The same wind that filled the sails of the
Argonauts had swayed these trees." But these trees said nothing of
this kind to Mr. Greeley. Upon these subjects not a word was told
him. Instead, he took his pencil, and after figuring awhile,
remarked: "One of these trees, sawed into inch boards, would make
more than three hundred thousand feet of lumber."

     I was once riding in the cars in Illinois. There had been a
violent thunder storm. The rain had ceased, the sun was going down.
The great clouds had floated toward the west, and there they
assumed most wonderful architectural shapes. There were temples and
palaces domed and turreted, and they were touched with silver, with
amethyst and gold. They looked Like the homes of the Titans, or the
palaces of the gods. A man was sitting near me. I touched him and
said, "Did you ever see anything so beautiful?" He looked out. He
saw nothing of the cloud, nothing of the sun, nothing of the color;
he saw only the country, and replied, "Yes, it is beautiful; I
always did like rolling land."

     On another occasion I was riding in a stage. There had been a
snow, and after the snow a sleet, and all the trees were bent, and
all the boughs were arched. Every fence, every log cabin, had been
transfigured, touched with a glory almost beyond this world. The
great fields were a pure and perfect white; the forests, drooping
beneath their load of gems, made wonderful caves, from which one
almost expected to see troops of fairies come. The whole world
looked like a bride, jeweled from head to foot. A German on the
back seat, hearing our talk, and our exclamations of wonder, leaned
forward, looked out of the stage window, and said, Y-a-a-s; it
looks like a clean table cloth I"

     So, when we look upon a flower, a painting, a statue, a star,
or a violet, the more we know, the more we have experienced, the
more we have thought, the more we remember, -- the more the statue,
the star, the painting, the violet, has to tell. Nature says to me
all that I am capable of understanding, -- gives all that I can
receive.

     As with star or flower or sea, so with a book. A man reads
Shakespeare. What does be get from him? All that he has the mind to
understand. He gets his little cup full. Let another read him who
knows nothing of the drama, nothing of the impersonations of
passion, and what does he get? Almost nothing. Shakespeare has a
different story for each reader. He is a world in which each
recognizes his acquaintances -- he may know a few -- he may know
all.


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               11

                          INSPIRATION.

     The impression that Nature makes upon the mind, the stories
told by sea and star and flower, must be the natural food of
thought. Leaving out for the moment the impression gained from
ancestors, the hereditary fears and drifts and trends -- the
natural food of thought must be the impression made upon the brain
by coming in contact, through the medium of the five senses, with
what we call the outward world. The brain is natural. Its food is
natural. The result -- thought -- must be natural. The supernatural
can be constructed with no material except the natural. Of the
supernatural we can have no conception.

     "Thought" may be deformed, and the thought of one may be
strange to, and denominated as unnatural by, another; but it cannot
be supernatural. It may be weak, it may be insane, but it is not
supernatural. Above the natural, man cannot rise. There can be
deformed ideas, as there are deformed persons. There can be
religious monstrosities and misshapen, but they must be naturally
produced. Some people have ideas about what they are pleased to
call the supernatural; what they call the supernatural is simply
the deformed. The world is to each man according to each man. It
takes the world as it really is, and that man to make that man's
world, and that man's world cannot exist without that man.

     You may ask, and what of all this? I reply: As with everything
in Nature, so with the Bible. It has a different story for each
reader. Is then, the Bible a different book to every human being
who reads it? It is. Can God, then, through the Bible, make the
same revelation to two persons? He cannot. Why? Because the man who
reads it is the man who inspires. Inspiration is in the man, as
well as in the book. God should have "inspired" readers as well as
writers.

     You may reply, God knew that his book would be understood
differently by each one; really intended that it should be
understood as it is understood by each. If this is so, then my
understanding of the Bible is the real revelation to me. If this is
so I have no right to take the understanding of another. I must
take the revelation made to me through my understanding, and by
That revelation I must stand. Suppose, then, that I do read this
Bible honestly, carefully, and when I get through I am compelled to
say, "The book is not true!"

     If this is the honest result, then you are compelled to say,
either that God has made no revelation to me, or that the
revelation that it is not true is the revelation made to me, and by
which I am bound. If the book and my brain are both the work of the
same infinite God, whose fault is it that the book and the brain do
not agree? Either God should have written a book to fit my brain,
or should have made my brain to fit his book.

     The inspiration of the Bible depends upon the ignorance of him
who reads.

                          The Truth Seeker Annual, Now York, 1885.

                               END

                          ****     ****

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               12

                            THE JEWS.

     WHEN I was a child, I was taught that the Jews were an
exceedingly hard-hearted and cruel people, and that they were so
destitute of the finer feelings that they had a little while before
that time crucified the only perfect man who had appeared upon the
earth; that this perfect man was also perfect God, and that the
Jews had really stained their hands with the blood of the Infinite.

     When I got somewhat older, I found that nearly all people had
been guilty of substantially the same crime -- that is, that they
had destroyed the progressive and the thoughtful; that religionists
had in all ages been cruel; that the chief priests of all people
had incited the mob, to the end that heretics -- that is to say,
philosophers -- that is to say, men who knew that the chief priests
were hypocrites -- might be destroyed.

     I also found that Christians had committed more of these
crimes than all other religionists put together.

     I also became acquainted with a large number of Jewish people,
and I found them like other people, except that, as a rule, they
were more industrious, more temperate, had fewer vagrants among
them, no beggars, very few criminals; and in addition to all this,
I found that they were intelligent, kind to their wives and
children, and that, as a rule, they kept their contracts and paid
their debts.

     The prejudice was created almost entirely by religious, or
rather irreligious, instruction. All children in Christian
countries are taught that all the Jews are to be eternally damned
who die in the faith of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, that it is not
enough to believe in the inspiration of the Old Testament -- not
enough to obey the Ten Commandments -- not enough to believe the
miracles performed in the days of the prophets, but that every Jew
must accept the New Testament and must be a believer in
Christianity -- that is to say, he must be regenerated -- or he
will simply be eternal kindling wood.

     The church has taught, and still teaches, that every Jew is an
outcast; that he is to-day busily fulfilling prophecy; that he is
a wandering witness in favor of "the glad tidings of great joy;"
that Jehovah is seeing to it that the Jews shall not exist as a
nation -- that they shall have no abiding place, but that they
shall remain scattered, to the end that the inspiration of the
Bible may be substantiated.

     Dr. John Hall of this city, a few years ago, when the Jewish
people were being persecuted in Russia, took the ground that it was
all fulfillment of prophecy, and that whenever a Jewish maiden was
stabbed to death, God put a tongue in every wound for the purpose
of declaring the truth of the Old Testament.

     Just as long as Christians take these positions, of course
they will do what they can to assist in the fulfillment of what
they call prophecy, and they will do their utmost to keep the
Jewish people in a state of exile, and then point to that fact as
one of the corner-stones of Christianity.



                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               13

                            THE JEWS.

     My opinion is that in the early days of Christianity all
sensible Jews were witnesses against the faith, and in this way
excited the hostility of the orthodox. Every sensible Jew knew that
no miracles had been performed in Jerusalem. They all knew that the
sun had not been darkened, that the graves had not given up their
dead, that the veil of the temple had not been rent in twain -- and
they told what they knew. They were then denounced as the most
infamous of human beings, and this hatred has pursued them from
that day to this.

     There is no other chapter in history so infamous, so bloody,
so cruel, so relentless, as the chapter in which is told the manner
in which Christians -- those who love their enemies -- have treated
the Jewish people. This story is enough to bring the blush of shame
to the cheek, and the words of indignation to the lips of every
honest man.

     Nothing can be more unjust than to generalize about
nationalities, and to speak of a race as worthless or vicious,
simply because you have met an individual who treated you unjustly.
There are good people and bad people in all races, and the
individual is not responsible for the crimes of the nation, or the
nation responsible for the actions of the few. Good men and honest
men are found in every faith, and they are not honest or dishonest
because they are Jews or Gentiles, but for entirely different
reasons.

     Some of the best people I have ever known are Jews, and some
of the worst people I have known are Christians. The Christians
were not bad simply because they were Christians, neither were the
Jews good because they were Jews. A man is far above these badges
of faith and race. Good Jews are precisely the same as good
Christians, and bad Christians are wonderfully like bad Jews.

     Personally, I have either no prejudices about religion, or I
have equal prejudice against all religions. The consequence is that
I judge of people not by their creeds, not by their rites, not by
their mummeries, but by their actions.

     In the first place, at the bottom of this prejudice lies the
coiled serpent of superstition. In other words, it is a religious
question. It seems impossible for the people of one religion to
like the people believing in another religion. They have different
gods, different heavens, and a great variety of hells. For the
followers of one god to treat the followers of another god decently
is a kind of treason. In order to be really true to his god, each
follower must not only hate all other gods, but the followers of
all other gods.

     The Jewish people should outgrow their own superstitions. It
is time for them to throw away the idea of inspiration. The
intelligent Jew of to-day knows that the Old Testament was written
by barbarians, and he knows that the rites and ceremonies are
simply absurd. He knows that no intelligent man should care
anything about Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, three dead barbarians. In
other words, the Jewish people should leave their superstition and
rely on science and philosophy.


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               14

                            THE JEWS.

     The Christian should do the same. He, by this time, should
know that his religion is a mistake, that his creed has no
foundation in the eternal verities. The Christian certainly should
give up the hopeless task of converting the Jewish people, and the
Jews should give up the useless task of converting the Christians.
There is no propriety in swapping superstitions -- neither party
can afford to give any boot.

     When the Christian throws away his cruel and heartless
superstitions, and when the Jew throws away his, then they can meet
as man to man.

     In the meantime, the world will go on in its blundering way,
and I shall know and feel that everybody does as he must, and that
the Christian, to the extent that he is prejudiced, is prejudiced
by reason of his ignorance, and that consequently the great lever
with which to raise all mankind into the sunshine of philosophy, is
intelligence.

                               END

                          ****     ****

                          OUR SCHOOLS.

     I BELIEVE that education is the only lever capable of raising
mankind. If we wish to make the future of the Republic glorious we
must educate the children of the present. The greatest blessing
conferred by our Government is the free school. In importance it
rises above everything else that the Government does. In its
influence it is far greater.

     The schoolhouse is infinitely more important than the church,
and if all the money wasted in the building of churches could be
devoted to education we should become a civilized people. Of
course, to the extent that churches disseminate thought they are
good, and to the extent that they provoke discussion they are of
value, but the real object should be to become acquainted with
nature -- with the conditions of happiness -- to the end that man
may take advantage of the forces of nature. I believe in the
schools for manual training, and that every child should be taught
not only to think, but to do, and that the hand should be educated
with the brain. The money expended on schools is the best
investment made by the Government.

     The schoolhouses in New York are not sufficient. Many of them
are small, dark, unventilated, and unhealthy. They should be the
finest public buildings in the city. It would be far better for the
Episcopalians to build a university than a cathedral. Attached to
all these schoolhouses there should be grounds for the children --
places for air and sun-light. They should be given the best. They
are the hope of the Republic and, in my judgment, of the world.

     We need far more schoolhouses than we have, and while money is
being wasted in a thousand directions, thousands of children are
left to be educated in the gutter. It is far cheaper to build
schoolhouses than prisons, and it is much better to have scholars 
than convicts.

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               15

                          OUR SCHOOLS.

     The Kindergarten system should be adopted, especially for the
young; attending school is then a pleasure -- the children do not
run away from school, but to school. We should educate the children
not simply in mind, but educate their eyes and hands, and they
should be taught something that will be of use, that will help them
to make a living, that will give them independence, confidence --
that is to say, character.

     The cost of the schools is very little, and the cost of land
-- giving the children, as I said before, air and light -- would
amount to nothing.

     There is another thing: Teachers are poorly paid. Only the
best should be employed, and they should be well paid. Men and
women of the highest character should have charge of the children,
because there is a vast deal of education in association, and it is
of the utmost importance that the children should associate with
real gentlemen -- that is to say, with real men; with real ladies
-- that is to say, with real women.

     Every schoolhouse should be inviting, clean, well ventilated,
attractive. The surroundings should be delightful. Children forced
to school, learn but little. The schoolhouse should not be a prison
or the teachers turnkeys.

     I believe that the common school is the bread of life, and all
should be commanded to eat of the fruit of the tree of knowledge.
It would have been far better to have expelled those who refused to
eat.

     The greatest danger to the Republic is ignorance. Intelligence
is the foundation of free government. --

                         The World, New York, September 7, 1890.

                               END

                          ****     ****

            CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN SECULAR UNION.

                Albany, N.Y., September 13, 1885.

     LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: While I have never sought any place in
any organization, and while I never intended to accept any place in
any organization, yet as you have done me the honor to elect me
president of the American Secular Union, I not only accept the
place, but tender to you each and all my sincere thanks.

     This is a position that a man cannot obtain by repressing his
honest thought. Nearly all other positions he obtains in that way.
But I am glad that the time has come when men can afford to
preserve their manhood in this country. Maybe they cannot be
elected to the Legislature, cannot become errand boys in Congress,
cannot be placed as weather-vanes in the presidential chair, but
the time has come when a man can express his honest thought and be
treated like a gentleman in the United States. We have arrived at 


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                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               16

            CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN SECULAR UNION.

a point where priests do not govern, and have reached that stage of
our journey where we, as Harriet Martineau expressed it, are "free
rovers on the breezy common of the universe." Day by day we are
getting rid of the aristocracy of the air. We have been the slaves
of phantoms long enough, and, a new day, a day of glory, has dawned
upon this new world -- this new world which is far beyond the old
in the real freedom of thought.

     In the selection of your officers, without referring to
myself, I think you have shown great good sense. The first man
chosen as vice-president, Mr. Charles Watts, is a gentleman of
sound, logical mind; one who knows what he wants to say and how to
say it; who is familiar with the organization of Secular societies,
knows what we wish to accomplish and the means to attain it. I am
glad that he is about to make this country his home, and I know of
no man who, in my judgment, can do more for the cause of
intellectual liberty.

     The next vice-president, Mr. Remsburg, has done splendid work
all over the country. He is an absolutely fearless man, and tells 
really and truly what his mind produces. We need such men
everywhere.

     You know it is almost a rule, or at any rate the practice, in
political parties and in organizations generally, to be so anxious
for success that all the offices and places of honor are given to
those who will come in at the eleventh hour. The rule is to hold
out these honors as bribes for new-comers instead of conferring
them upon those who have borne the heat and burden of the day. I
hope that the American Secular Union will not be guilty of any such
injustice. Bestow your honors upon the men who stood by you when
you had few friends, the men who enlisted for the war when the
cause needed soldiers. Give your places to them, and if others want
to join your ranks, welcome them heartily to the places of honor in
the rear and let them learn how to keep step.

     In this particular, leaving out myself as I have said, you
have done magnificently well. Mrs. Mattie Krekel, another vice-
president, is a woman who has the courage to express her opinions,
and she is all the more to be commended because, as you know, women
have to suffer a little more punishment than men, being amenable to
social laws that are more exacting and tyrannical than those passed
by Legislatures.

     Of Mr, Wakeman it is not necessary to speak. You all know him
to be an able, thoughtful, and experienced man, capable in every
respect; one who has been in this organization from the beginning,
and who is now president of the New York society. Elizur Wright,
one of the patriarchs of Freethought, who was battling for liberty
before I was born, and who will be found in the front rank until he
ceases to be. You have honored yourselves by electing James Parton,
a thoughtful man, a scholar, a philosopher, and a philanthropist --
honest, courageous, and logical -- with a mind as clear as a
cloudless sky. Parker Pillsbury, who has always been on the side of
liberty, always willing, if need be, to stand alone -- a man who
has been mobbed many times because he had the goodness and courage
to denounce the institution of slavery -- a man possessed of the 


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                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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            CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN SECULAR UNION.

true martyr spirit. Messrs. Algie and Adams, our friends from
Canada, men of the highest character, worthy of our fullest
confidence and esteem -- conscientious, upright, and faithful.

     And permit me to say that I know of no man of kinder heart, of
gentler disposition, with more real, good human feeling toward all
the world, with a more forgiving and tender spirit, than Horace
Seaver. He and Mr. Mendum are the editors of the Investigator, the
first Infidel paper I ever saw, and I guess the first that any one
of you ever saw -- a paper once edited by Abner Kneeland, who was
put in prison for saying, "The Universalists believe in a God which
I do not." The court decided that he had denied the existence of a
Supreme Being, and at that time it was not thought safe to allow a
remark of that kind to be made, and so, for the purpose of keeping
an infinite God from tumbling off his throne, Mr. Kneeland was put
in jail. But Horace Seaver and Mr. Mendum went on with his work.
They are pioneers in this cause, and they have been absolutely true
to the principles of Freethought from the first day until now.

     If there is anybody belonging to our Secular Union more
enthusiastic and better calculated to impart something of his
enthusiasm to others than Samuel P. Putnam, our secretary, I do not
know him. Courtlandt Palmer, your treasurer, you all know, and you
will presently know him better when you hear the speech he is about
to make, and that speech will speak better for him than I possibly
can. Wait until you hear him, as he is now waiting for me to get
through that you may hear him. He will give you the definition of
the true gentleman, and that definition will be a truthful
description of himself.

     Mr. Reynolds is on our side if anybody is or ever was, and Mr.
Macdonald, editor of The Truth Seeker, aiming not only to seek the
truth but to expose error, has done and is doing incalculable good
in the cause of mental freedom.

     All these men and women are men and women of character, of
high purpose; in favor of Freethought not as a peculiarity or as an
eccentricity of the hour, but with all their hearts, through and
through, to the very center and core of conviction, life, and
purpose.

     And so I can congratulate you on your choice, and believe that
you have entered upon the most prosperous year of your existence.
I believe that you will do all you can to have every law repealed
that puts a hypocrite above an honest man. We know that no man is
thoroughly honest who does not tell his honest thought. We want the
Sabbath day for ourselves and our families. Let the gods have the
heavens. Give us the earth. If the gods want to stay at home
Sundays and look solemn, let them do it; let us have a little
wholesome recreation and pleasure. If the gods wish to go out with
their wives and children, let them go. If they want to play
billiards with the stars, so they don't carom on us, let them play.

     We want to do what we can to compel every church to pay taxes
on its property as other people pay on theirs. Do you know that if
church property is allowed to go without taxation, it is only a
question of time when they will own a large per cent. of the 


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                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               18

            CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN SECULAR UNION.

property of the civilized world? It is the same as compound
interest; only give it time. If you allow it to increase without
taxing it for its protection, its growth can only be measured by
the time in which it has to grow. The church builds an edifice in
some small town, gets several acres of land. In time city rises
around it. The labor of others has added to value of this property,
until it is worth millions. If this property is not taxed, the
churches will have so much in their hands that they will again
become dangerous to the liberties of mankind. There never will, be
real liberty in this country until all property is put upon a
perfect equality. If you want to build a Joss House, pay taxes. If
you want to build churches, pay taxes. If you want to build a hall
or temple in which Freethought and science are to be taught, pay
taxes. Let there be no property untaxed. When you fail to tax any
species of property, you increase the tax of other people owning
the rest. To that extent, you unite church and state. You compel
the Infidel to support the Catholic. I do not want to support the
Catholic Church. It is not worth supporting. It is an unadulterated
evil. Neither do I want to reform the Catholic Church. The only 
reformation of which that church or any orthodox church is capable,
is destruction. I want to spend no more money on superstition.
Neither should our money be taken to support sectarian schools. We
do not wish to employ any chaplains in the navy, or in the army, or
in the Legislatures, or in Congress. It is useless to ask God to
help the political party that happens to be in power. We want no
President, no Governor "clothed with a little brief authority," to
issue a proclamation as though he were an agent of God, authorized
to tell all his loving subjects to fast on a certain day, or to
enter their churches and pray for the accomplishment of a certain
object. It is none of his business. When they called on Thomas
Jefferson to issue a proclamation, he said he had no right to do
it, that religion was a personal, individual matter, and that the
state had no right, no power, to interfere.

     I now have the pleasure of introducing Mr. Courtlandt Palmer,
who will speak to you on the "Aristocracy of Freethought," in my
judgment the aristocracy not only of the present, but the
aristocracy of the future.

                               END

                          ****     ****

                           SECULARISM.

     SEVERAL people have asked me the meaning of this term.

     Secularism is the religion of humanity; it embraces the
affairs of this world; it is interested in everything that touches
the welfare of a sentient being; it advocates attention to the
particular planet in which we happen to live; it means that each
individual counts for something; it is a declaration of
intellectual independence; it means that the pew is superior to the
pulpit, that those who bear the burdens shall have the profits and
that they who fill the purse shall hold the strings. It is a
protest against theological oppression, against ecclesiastical
tyranny, against being the serf, subject or slave of any phantom, 


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                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               19

                           SECULARISM.

or of the priest of any phantom. It is a protest against wasting
this life for the sake of one that we know not of. It proposes to
let the gods take care of themselves. It is another name for common
sense; that is to say, the adaptation of means to such ends as are
desired and understood.

     Secularism believes in building a home here, in this world. It
trusts to individual effort, to energy, to intelligence, to
observation and experience rather than to the unknown and the
supernatural. It desires to be happy on this side of the grave.

     Secularism means food and fireside, roof and raiment,
reasonable work and reasonable leisure, the cultivation of the
tastes, the acquisition of knowledge, the enjoyment of the arts,
and it promises for the human race comfort, independence,
intelligence, and above all liberty. It means the abolition of
sectarian feuds, of theological hatreds. It means the cultivation
of friendship and intellectual hospitality. It means the living for
ourselves and each other; for the present instead of the past, for
this world rather than for another. It means the right to express
your thought in spite of popes, priests, and gods. It means that
impudent idleness shall no longer live upon the labor of honest
men. It means the destruction of the business of those who trade in
fear. It proposes to give serenity and content to the human soul.
It will put out the fires of eternal pain. It is striving to do
away with violence and vice, with ignorance, poverty and disease.
It lives for the ever present to-day, and the ever coming to-
morrow. It does not believe in praying and receiving, but in
earning and deserving. It regards work as worship, labor as prayer,
and wisdom as the savior of mankind. It says to every human being,
Take care of yourself so that you may be able to help others; adorn
your life with the gems called good deeds; illumine your path with
the sunlight called friendship and love.

     Secularism is a religion, a religion that is understood. It
has no mysteries, no mumblings, no priests, no ceremonies, no
falsehoods, no miracles, and no persecutions. It considers the
lilies of the field, and takes thought for the morrow. It says to
the whole world, Work that you may eat, drink, and be clothed; work
that you may enjoy; work that you may not want; work that you may
give and never need.

                         The Independent Pulpit, Waco, Texas, 1887.


                         ****     ****

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