TANZANIA                                                                        
GEOGRAPHY                                                                       
Total area: 945,090 km2; land area: 886,040 km2; includes the                   
islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar                                           
                                                                                
Comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of California             
                                                                                
Land boundaries: 3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km,                  
Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia          
338 km                                                                          
                                                                                
Coastline: 1,424 km                                                             
                                                                                
Maritime claims:                                                                
                                                                                
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;                                                
                                                                                
Territorial sea: 12 nm                                                          
                                                                                
Disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa;                           
Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be              
indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the              
Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled                                          
                                                                                
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands             
                                                                                
Terrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north,               
south                                                                           
                                                                                
Natural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates,                       
iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel                  
                                                                                
Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures              
40%; forest and woodland 47%; other 7%; includes irrigated NEGL%                
                                                                                
Environment: lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent             
droughts affected marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in         
Africa                                                                          
                                                                                
PEOPLE                                                                          
Population: 26,869,175 (July 1991), growth rate 3.4% (1991)                     
                                                                                
Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1991)                                   
                                                                                
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)                                   
                                                                                
Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1991)                        
                                                                                
Infant mortality rate: 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)                      
                                                                                
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 55 years female (1991)                 
                                                                                
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1991)                            
                                                                                
Nationality: noun--Tanzanian(s); adjective--Tanzanian                           
                                                                                
Ethnic divisions: mainland--native African consisting of well over              
100 tribes 99%; Asian, European, and Arab 1%                                    
                                                                                
Religion:                                                                       
                                                                                
mainland--Christian 33%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 33%;                    
                                                                                
Zanzibar--almost all Muslim                                                     
                                                                                
Language: Swahili and English (official); English primary language              
of commerce, administration, and higher education; Swahili widely               
understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups;          
first language of most people is one of the local languages; primary            
education is generally in Swahili                                               
                                                                                
Literacy: 46% (male 62%, female 31%) age 15 and over can                        
read and write (1978)                                                           
                                                                                
Labor force: 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry                
and commerce (1986 est.)                                                        
                                                                                
Organized labor: 15% of labor force                                             
                                                                                
GOVERNMENT                                                                      
Long-form name: United Republic of Tanzania                                     
                                                                                
Type: republic                                                                  
                                                                                
Capital: Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been                       
transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital in          
the 1990s                                                                       
Administrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam,                    
Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro,              
Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma,                 
Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar             
North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi                                      
                                                                                
Independence: Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from               
UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent       
19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964       
to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United          
Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964                                            
                                                                                
Constitution: 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but              
remains subject to provisions of the union Constitution)                        
                                                                                
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of                   
legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted         
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction                                                     
                                                                                
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964)                                    
                                                                                
Executive branch: president, first vice president and prime                     
minister of the union, second vice president and president of Zanzibar,         
Cabinet                                                                         
                                                                                
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)                        
                                                                                
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court                                    
                                                                                
Leaders:                                                                        
                                                                                
Chief of State--President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November                   
1985); First Vice President John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990);              
Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November 1990);                     
                                                                                
Head of Government--Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9                       
November 1990)                                                                  
                                                                                
Political parties and leaders: only party--Chama Cha MAPINDUZI                  
(CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI, party chairman                 
                                                                                
Suffrage: universal at age 18                                                   
                                                                                
Elections:                                                                      
                                                                                
President--last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held                           
October 1995);                                                                  
results--Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition;                      
                                                                                
National Assembly--last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held                   
October 1995);                                                                  
results--CCM is the only party;                                                 
seats--(241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168                                         
                                                                                
Communists: no Communist party; a few Communist sympathizers                    
                                                                                
Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77,                   
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,                
INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD,                    
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO                             
                                                                                
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Charles Musama                  
NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008;                     
telephone (202) 939-6125;                                                       
                                                                                
US--Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off               
Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123,               
Dar es Salaam); telephone  255  (51) 37501 through 37504                        
                                                                                
Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the                  
lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the       
lower triangle is blue                                                          
                                                                                
ECONOMY                                                                         
Overview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world.                
The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about       
47% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force.         
Industry accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing             
agricultural products and light consumer goods. The economic                    
recovery program announced in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in       
agricultural production and financial support for the program by                
bilateral donors. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have       
increased the availability of imports and provided funds to rehabilitate        
Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure.                                
                                                                                
GDP: $5.92 billion, per capita $240; real growth rate 4.3%                      
(FY89 est.)                                                                     
                                                                                
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 31.2 (1989)                                   
                                                                                
Unemployment rate: NA%                                                          
                                                                                
Budget: revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million,                       
including capital expenditures of $118 million (FY90)                           
                                                                                
Exports: $380 million (f.o.b., 1989);                                           
                                                                                
commodities--coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat,                     
tobacco, diamonds, coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar);              
                                                                                
partners--FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US                     
                                                                                
Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989);                                           
                                                                                
commodities--manufactured goods, machinery and transportation                   
equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs;                           
                                                                                
partners--FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark                                    
                                                                                
External debt: $5.8 billion (December 1990 est.)                                
                                                                                
Industrial production: growth rate 4.2% (1988); accounts for                    
8% of GDP                                                                       
                                                                                
Electricity: 401,000 kW capacity; 895 million kWh produced,                     
35 kWh per capita (1989)                                                        
                                                                                
Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer,                     
cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement,            
textiles, wood products, fertilizer                                             
                                                                                
Agriculture: accounts for over 40% of GDP; topography and climatic              
conditions limit cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash                 
crops--coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from             
chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops--corn,         
wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and vegetables; small numbers of cattle,       
sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production                  
                                                                                
Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400                   
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments          
(1970-88), $9.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million;             
Communist countries (1970-89), $614 million                                     
                                                                                
Currency: Tanzanian shilling (plural--shillings);                               
1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents                                          
                                                                                
Exchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1--196.60                      
(January 1991), 195.06 (1990), 143.377 (1989), 99.292 (1988), 64.260            
(1987), 32.698 (1986), 17.472 (1985)                                            
                                                                                
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June                                                     
                                                                                
COMMUNICATIONS                                                                  
Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km                   
1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad                  
1.067-meter gauge; 115 km 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade            
                                                                                
Highways: total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or                   
crushed stone; remainder improved and unimproved earth                          
                                                                                
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil                                                     
                                                                                
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa                    
                                                                                
Ports: Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports;              
Mwanza on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports          
                                                                                
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,784                    
GRT/25,860 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off         
cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker                           
                                                                                
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft                                           
                                                                                
Airports: 105 total, 93 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways;              
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;                   
44 with runways 1,220-2,439 m                                                   
                                                                                
Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio relay, and                  
troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; stations--12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1                
Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station                                             
                                                                                
DEFENSE FORCES                                                                  
Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army,               
Navy, and Air Force); paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia             
                                                                                
Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,545,022; 3,200,744 fit for                
military service                                                                
                                                                                
Defense expenditures: $111 million, 3.9% of GDP (1988)                          
