                                                                                
YUGOSLAVIA                                                                      
GEOGRAPHY                                                                       
Total area: 255,800 km2; land area: 255,400 km2                                 
                                                                                
Comparative area: slightly larger than Wyoming                                  
                                                                                
Land boundaries: 2,961 km total; Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km,                
Bulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania           
546 km                                                                          
                                                                                
Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands)                       
                                                                                
Maritime claims:                                                                
                                                                                
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;                   
                                                                                
Territorial sea: 12 nm                                                          
                                                                                
Disputes: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with                 
Bulgaria and Greece                                                             
                                                                                
Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy                
winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland                       
                                                                                
Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography;                 
plain in north                                                                  
                                                                                
Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore,                     
antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural           
gas, nickel, uranium                                                            
                                                                                
Land use: arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures             
25%; forest and woodland 36%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1%                   
                                                                                
Environment: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes                    
                                                                                
Note: controls the most important land routes from                              
central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits                    
                                                                                
PEOPLE                                                                          
Population: 23,976,040 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)                     
                                                                                
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)                                   
                                                                                
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)                                    
                                                                                
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)                          
                                                                                
Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)                       
                                                                                
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991)                 
                                                                                
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991)                            
                                                                                
Nationality: noun--Yugoslav(s); adjective--Yugoslav                             
                                                                                
Ethnic divisions: Serb 36.3%, Croat 19.7%, Muslim 8.9%, Slovene                 
7.8%, Albanian 7.7%, Macedonian 5.9%, Yugoslav 5.4%, Montenegrin 2.5%,          
Hungarian 1.9%, other 3.9% (1981 census)                                        
                                                                                
Religion: Eastern Orthodox 50%, Roman Catholic 30%, Muslim 9%,                  
Protestant 1%, other 10%                                                        
                                                                                
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official);                   
Albanian, Hungarian                                                             
                                                                                
Literacy: 90% (male 96%, female 84%) age 15 and over can                        
read and write (1981)                                                           
                                                                                
Labor force: 9,600,000; agriculture 22%, mining and manufacturing               
27%; about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)         
                                                                                
Organized labor: badly fractured labor movement, with no unified                
national labor federation; several republics have competing union               
federations within their borders                                                
                                                                                
GOVERNMENT                                                                      
Long-form name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;                       
abbreviated SFRY                                                                
                                                                                
Type: federal republic in form; four of six republics have                      
non-Communist governments                                                       
                                                                                
Capital: Belgrade                                                               
                                                                                
Administrative divisions: 6 republics (republike,                               
singular--republika); Bosna i Hercegovina (Bosnia and Hercegovina),             
Crna Gora (Montenegro), Hrvatska (Croatia), Makedonija (Macedonia),             
Slovenija (Slovenia), Srbija (Serbia);                                          
note--there are two nominally autonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine,         
singular--autonomna pokajina) within Srbija--Kosovo and Vojvodina               
                                                                                
Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established                 
from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire,        
and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945               
                                                                                
Constitution: 21 February 1974, amendments to the Constitution                  
have passed the Federal Assembly and are being considered at the                
republic level                                                                  
                                                                                
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal                   
theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; a new legal               
code is being formulated                                                        
                                                                                
National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of             
Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945)                                                  
                                                                                
Executive branch: president of the Presidency, vice president of                
the Presidency, Presidency, president of the Federal Executive                  
Council, two vice presidents of the Federal Executive Council, Federal          
Executive Council                                                               
                                                                                
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal (Skupstina) consists of                   
an upper chamber or Chamber of Republics and Provinces (Vece Republika          
i Pokrajina) and a lower chamber or Federal Chamber                             
                                                                                
Judicial branch: Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court              
                                                                                
Leaders:                                                                        
                                                                                
Chief of State--President of the Presidency Stjepan MESIC                       
from Hrvatska (Croatia), one-year term expires 15 May 1992;                     
Vice President of the Presidency Branko KOSTIC from Crna Gora                   
(Montenegro), one-year term expires 15 May 1992; note--the offices of           
president and vice president rotate annually among members of the               
Presidency with the current vice president assuming the                         
presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the       
longest without filling the position (the current sequence is                   
Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i                     
Hercegovina, Slovenija, and Srbija);                                            
                                                                                
Head of Government--President of the Federal Executive Council                  
Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal              
Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989);                    
Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL                     
(since 16 March 1989)                                                           
Political parties and leaders: there are over 100 political                     
parties operating, some only in one republic and others country-wide            
                                                                                
Suffrage: at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18                            
                                                                                
Elections: direct federal elections may never be held because of                
inter-republic differences over Yugoslavia's future structure                   
                                                                                
Other political or pressure groups: there are no national                       
political groups; all significant groups are found within the republics         
                                                                                
Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), BIS, CCC, CERN (observer),                      
CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,       
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),         
ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OECD (special), PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO,          
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO                                 
                                                                                
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC;                       
Chancery at 2410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone           
(202) 462-6566; there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago,               
Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, and San Francisco;                             
                                                                                
US--Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN; mailing address Box 5070,                      
Belgrade or APO New York 09213-5070; telephone  38  (11) 645-655; there         
is a US Consulate General in Zagreb                                             
                                                                                
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red                
with a large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the          
center over all three bands                                                     
                                                                                
ECONOMY                                                                         
Overview: For 20 years Communist Yugoslavia had been trying to                  
replace the Stalinist command economy with a decentralized semimarket           
system that features worker self-management councils in all large plants.       
This hybrid system neared collapse in late 1989 when inflation soared.          
The government applied shock therapy in 1990 under an IMF standby               
program that provides tight control over monetary expansion, a freeze           
on wages, the pegging of the dinar to the deutsche mark, and a partial          
price freeze on energy, transportation, and communal services. This             
program brought hyperinflation to a halt and encouraged a rise in               
foreign investment. Since June 1990, however, inflation has                     
rebounded and threatens to rise further in 1991. Estimated annual               
inflation for 1990 is 164%. Other huge problems remain: rising                  
unemployment, the low quality of industrial output, and striking                
differences in income between the poorer southern regions and the               
comparatively well-off northern areas. Even so, political issues far            
outweigh economic problems in importance.                                       
                                                                                
GNP: $120.1 billion, per capita $5,040; real growth rate - 6.3%                 
(1990 est.)                                                                     
                                                                                
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 164% (1990)                                   
                                                                                
Unemployment rate: 16% (1990)                                                   
                                                                                
Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including             
capital expenditures of $NA (1990)                                              
                                                                                
Exports: $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);                                     
commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods             
31%, capital goods and equipment 19%;                                           
                                                                                
partners--EC 53%, USSR and Eastern Europe 27%,                                  
less developed countries 12.9%, US 4.8%, other 2.3%                             
                                                                                
Imports: $17.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);                                     
                                                                                
commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods              
and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%;                                           
                                                                                
partners--EC 53.5%, USSR and Eastern Europe 22.8%,                              
less developed countries 15.4%, US 4.6%, other 3.7%                             
                                                                                
External debt: $18.0 billion, medium and long term (December 1990)              
                                                                                
Industrial production: growth rate - 10.9% (1990)                               
                                                                                
Electricity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 83,400 million kWh produced,               
3,500 kWh per capita (1990)                                                     
                                                                                
Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum,                     
chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper,          
motor vehicles, building materials                                              
                                                                                
Agriculture: diversified, with many small private holdings and                  
large combines; main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets,                  
sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs,           
live animals                                                                    
                                                                                
Economic aid: donor--about $3.5 billion in bilateral aid to                     
non-Communist less developed countries (1966-89)                                
                                                                                
Currency: Yugoslav dinar (plural--dinars);                                      
1 Yugoslav dinar (YD) = 100 paras; note--on 1 January 1990, Yugoslavia          
began issuing a new currency with 1 new dinar equal to 10,000 YD                
                                                                                
Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--13.605 (January                  
1991), 11.318 (1990), 2.876 (1989), 0.252 (1988), 0.074 (1987), 0.038           
(1986), 0.027 (1985); note--as of January 1991 the new dinar is linked to       
the German deutsche mark at the rate of 9 new dinars per 1 deustche mark        
                                                                                
Fiscal year: calendar year                                                      
                                                                                
COMMUNICATIONS                                                                  
Railroads: 9,349 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge)                     
including 931 km double track, 3,760 km electrified (1988)                      
                                                                                
Highways: 122,062 km total; 73,527 km asphalt, concrete, stone                  
block; 33,663 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone;               
14,872 km earth (1988)                                                          
                                                                                
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)                                               
                                                                                
Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined             
products                                                                        
                                                                                
Ports: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, Ploce; inland port is Belgrade                
                                                                                
Merchant marine: 277 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,780,095               
GRT/6,031,359 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 133             
cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 19 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3         
multifunction large-load carrier, 9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)       
tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 75 bulk, 11 combination       
bulk; note--Yugoslavia owns 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 253,400       
GRT/429,613 DWT under the registry of Liberia, Panama, and Cyprus               
                                                                                
Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft                                          
                                                                                
Airports: 179 total, 179 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways;             
none with runways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;                  
20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m                                                   
                                                                                
Telecommunications: 1.6 million telephones (97% automatic); 7,500               
public telephone booths; stations--85 AM, 69 FM, 103 TV; 4.65 million           
radios; 4.1 million TVs (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television        
program (1990)                                                                  
                                                                                
DEFENSE FORCES                                                                  
Branches: Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air              
and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil        
Defense                                                                         
                                                                                
Manpower availability: males 15-49, 6,176,693; 5,001,024 fit for                
military service; 189,886 reach military age (19) annually                      
                                                                                
Defense expenditures: 70.85 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1991                   
est.); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the       
official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading            
results                                                                         
                                                                                
