TOGO                                                                            
GEOGRAPHY                                                                       
Total area: 56,790 km2; land area: 54,390 km2                                   
                                                                                
Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia                           
                                                                                
Land boundaries: 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km,                  
Ghana 877 km                                                                    
                                                                                
Coastline: 56 km                                                                
                                                                                
Maritime claims:                                                                
                                                                                
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;                                                
                                                                                
Territorial sea: 30 nm                                                          
                                                                                
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north                       
                                                                                
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern               
plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes                   
                                                                                
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble                                
                                                                                
Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures             
4%; forest and woodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL%                
                                                                                
Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north             
during winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation             
                                                                                
PEOPLE                                                                          
Population: 3,810,616 (July 1991), growth rate 3.6% (1991)                      
                                                                                
Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1991)                                   
                                                                                
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)                                   
                                                                                
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)                          
                                                                                
Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)                      
                                                                                
Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 58 years female (1991)                 
                                                                                
Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1991)                            
                                                                                
Nationality: noun--Togolese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Togolese                
                                                                                
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,                
Mina, and Kabye; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese                          
                                                                                
Religion: indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%,                          
Muslim 10%                                                                      
                                                                                
Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major                 
African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye           
in the north                                                                    
                                                                                
Literacy: 43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can                        
read and write (1990 est.)                                                      
                                                                                
Labor force: NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage               
earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of              
population of working age (1985)                                                
                                                                                
Organized labor: one national union, the National Federation of                 
Togolese Workers                                                                
                                                                                
GOVERNMENT                                                                      
Long-form name: Republic of Togo                                                
                                                                                
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime                                   
                                                                                
Capital: Lome                                                                   
                                                                                
Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions,                
singular--circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs),                        
Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari),               
Dapaong (Tone), Kante (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Kpagouda (Binah),                
Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou),           
Notse (Haho), Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Tchaoudjo,                   
Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note--the 21 units may now be called                  
prefectures (prefectures, singular--prefecture) and reported name               
changes for individual units are included in parentheses                        
                                                                                
Independence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French                   
administration, formerly French Togo)                                           
                                                                                
Constitution: 30 December 1979, effective 13 January 1980                       
                                                                                
Legal system: French-based court system                                         
                                                                                
National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 13 January              
(1967)                                                                          
                                                                                
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)                     
                                                                                
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee                     
Nationale)                                                                      
                                                                                
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court                  
(Cour Supreme)                                                                  
                                                                                
Leaders:                                                                        
                                                                                
Chief of State--President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14                     
April 1967);                                                                    
                                                                                
Head of Government--interim Prime Minister Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28             
August 1991)                                                                    
                                                                                
Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese                            
People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only party until the              
formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; more than            
10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legally registered;            
a national conference to determine transition regime took place                 
10-20 June 1991                                                                 
                                                                                
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA                                             
                                                                                
Elections:                                                                      
                                                                                
President--last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held December                 
1993);                                                                          
results--Gen. EYADEMA was reelected without opposition;                         
                                                                                
National Assembly--last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held 14                   
June 1992);                                                                     
results--RPT was the only party;                                                
seats--(77 total) RPT 77                                                        
                                                                                
Communists: no Communist party                                                  
                                                                                
Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente,              
FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,            
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,       
UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO                                             
                                                                                
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS;                    
Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;                  
telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213;                                               
                                                                                
US--Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier                        
Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome);             
telephone  228  21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17                                
                                                                                
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom)                     
alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red            
square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African             
colors of Ethiopia                                                              
                                                                                
ECONOMY                                                                         
Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence                       
agriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides                   
employment for 78% of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are         
cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together account for about 30% of total        
export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when               
harvests are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by            
far the most important activity, with phosphate exports accounting for          
about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo serves as a regional         
commercial and trade center. The government actively encourages foreign         
investment.                                                                     
                                                                                
GDP: $1.4 billion, per capita $395; real growth rate 3.6% (1989                 
est.)                                                                           
                                                                                
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.2% (1989)                                 
                                                                                
Unemployment rate: 2.0% (1987)                                                  
                                                                                
Budget: revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million,                       
including capital expenditures of $101 million (1990 est.)                      
                                                                                
Exports: $331 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);                                      
                                                                                
commodities--phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm              
kernels;                                                                        
                                                                                
partners--EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)                            
                                                                                
Imports: $344 million (f.o.b., 1989);                                           
                                                                                
commodities--food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other                         
intermediate goods, capital goods;                                              
                                                                                
partners--EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989)                  
                                                                                
External debt: $1.3 billion (1990 est.)                                         
                                                                                
Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDP                  
                                                                                
Electricity: 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced,                     
60 kWh per capita (1990)                                                        
                                                                                
Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement,                  
handicrafts, textiles, beverages                                                
                                                                                
Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops--yams,               
cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production               
not significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tons                          
                                                                                
Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132                   
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments          
(1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million;             
Communist countries (1970-89), $51 million                                      
                                                                                
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc                                 
(plural--francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes                             
                                                                                
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)                   
per US$1--256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989),                  
297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)                      
                                                                                
Fiscal year: calendar year                                                      
                                                                                
COMMUNICATIONS                                                                  
Railroads: 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track                               
                                                                                
Highways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads             
                                                                                
Inland waterways: none                                                          
                                                                                
Ports: Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)                                             
                                                                                
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,906                    
GRT/70,483 DWT; includes 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction              
large-load carrier                                                              
                                                                                
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft                                           
                                                                                
Airports: 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;                  
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m                    
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m                                                 
                                                                                
Telecommunications: fair system based on network of open-wire lines             
supplemented by radio relay routes; 12,000 telephones; stations--2 AM,          
no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1         
SYMPHONIE                                                                       
                                                                                
DEFENSE FORCES                                                                  
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie                       
                                                                                
Manpower availability: males 15-49, 799,597; 420,092 fit for                    
military service; no conscription                                               
                                                                                
Defense expenditures: $44 million, 3.7% of GDP (1987)                           
                                                                                
