ANGOLA                                                                          
GEOGRAPHY                                                                       
Total area: 1,246,700 km2; land area: 1,246,700 km2                             
                                                                                
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas                    
                                                                                
Land boundaries: 5,198 km total; Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km,                
Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 km                                                 
                                                                                
Coastline: 1,600 km                                                             
                                                                                
Maritime claims:                                                                
                                                                                
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;                                                 
                                                                                
Territorial sea: 20 nm                                                          
                                                                                
Disputes: civil war since independence on 11 November 1975;                     
on 31 May 1991 Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS                        
and Jonas SAVIMBI, leader of the National Union for the Total                   
Independence of Angola (UNITA), signed a peace treaty that calls for            
multiparty elections between September and November 1992, an                    
internationally monitored cease-fire, and termination of outside                
military assistance                                                             
                                                                                
Climate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has                 
cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to            
April)                                                                          
                                                                                
Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior                   
plateau                                                                         
                                                                                
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates,                   
copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium                                        
                                                                                
Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and                    
pastures 23%; forest and woodland 43%; other 32%                                
                                                                                
Environment: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on                 
plateau; desertification                                                        
                                                                                
Note: Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire                        
                                                                                
PEOPLE                                                                          
Population: 8,668,281 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991)                      
                                                                                
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1991)                                   
                                                                                
Death rate: 20 deaths/1,000 population (1991)                                   
                                                                                
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)                       
Infant mortality rate: 151 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)                      
                                                                                
Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male, 46 years female (1991)                 
                                                                                
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1991)                            
                                                                                
Nationality: noun--Angolan(s); adjective--Angolan                               
                                                                                
Ethnic divisions: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%,                     
Mestico 2%, European 1%, other 22%                                              
                                                                                
Religion: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant                
15% (est.)                                                                      
                                                                                
Language: Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects                         
                                                                                
Literacy: 42% (male 56%, female 28%) age 15 and over can                        
read and write (1990 est.)                                                      
                                                                                
Labor force: 2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%,                    
industry 15% (1985 est.)                                                        
                                                                                
Organized labor: about 450,695 (1980)                                           
                                                                                
GOVERNMENT                                                                      
Long-form name: People's Republic of Angola                                     
                                                                                
Type: in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty              
democracy with a strong presidential system                                     
                                                                                
Capital: Luanda                                                                 
                                                                                
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias,                             
singular--provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango,            
Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte,           
Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire                                 
                                                                                
Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal)                                  
                                                                                
Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11                      
August 1980, and 6 March 1991                                                   
                                                                                
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary                
law; recently modified to accommodate multipartyism and increased use of        
free markets                                                                    
                                                                                
National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)                          
                                                                                
Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers,              
Council of Ministers (cabinet)                                                  
                                                                                
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia do                 
Povo)                                                                           
                                                                                
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao)                            
                                                                                
Leaders:                                                                        
                                                                                
Chief of State--President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21                     
September 1979);                                                                
                                                                                
Head of Government--Fernando Jose Franca VAN DUNEM (since                       
21 July 1991)                                                                   
                                                                                
Political parties and leaders: only one party exists--the                       
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Labor Party                       
(MPLA), Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS--although others are expected to                
form as legalization of a multiparty system proceeds;                           
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) lost to             
the MPLA and Cuban military support forces in the immediate                     
postindependence struggle, but is to receive recognition as a legal party       
                                                                                
Suffrage: universal at age 18                                                   
                                                                                
Elections: first nationwide, multiparty elections to be held                    
between September and November 1992                                             
                                                                                
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO,                               
FLS, G-77, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,             
LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,         
WIPO, WMO, WTO                                                                  
                                                                                
Diplomatic representation: none                                                 
                                                                                
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a                  
centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a          
cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)             
                                                                                
ECONOMY                                                                         
Overview: Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for              
80 to 90% of the population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil         
production is the most lucrative sector of the economy, contributing            
about 50% to GDP. In recent years, however, the impact of fighting an           
internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be       
imported.  For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural           
resources, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land.  To realize its             
economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace but also          
must reform government policies that have led to distortions and                
imbalances throughout the economy.                                              
                                                                                
GDP: $7.9 billion, per capita $925; real growth rate 2.0% (1990                 
est.)                                                                           
                                                                                
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23.2% (1988)                                  
                                                                                
Unemployment rate: NA%                                                          
                                                                                
Budget: revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion,                       
including capital expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.)                      
                                                                                
Exports: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);                                      
                                                                                
commodities--oil,liquified petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal,              
fish and fish products, timber, cotton;                                         
                                                                                
partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France                              
                                                                                
Imports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);                                      
                                                                                
commodities--capital equipment (machinery and electrical                        
equipment), food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing,              
medicines; substantial military deliveries;                                     
                                                                                
partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil                                      
                                                                                
External debt: $7.0 billion (1990)                                              
                                                                                
Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60%                  
of GDP, including petroleum output                                              
                                                                                
Electricity: 506,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced,                     
90 kWh per capita (1989)                                                        
                                                                                
Industries: petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food                  
processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal              
products                                                                        
                                                                                
Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar,                    
manioc, tobacco; food crops--cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains,              
bananas; livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry            
2% of total agricultural output; disruptions caused by civil war                
and marketing deficiencies require food imports                                 
                                                                                
Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265                   
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments          
(1970-88), $1,005 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion          
                                                                                
Currency: kwanza (plural--kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei                     
                                                                                
Exchange rates: kwanza (Kz) per US$1--29.62 (fixed rate since 1976)             
                                                                                
Fiscal year: calendar year                                                      
                                                                                
COMMUNICATIONS                                                                  
Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km                   
0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of insurgent attacks;        
sections of the Benguela Railroad closed because of insurgency                  
                                                                                
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment,               
29,350 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved        
earth                                                                           
                                                                                
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable                                            
                                                                                
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km                                                    
                                                                                
Ports: Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda                                          
                                                                                
Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling                          
66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and               
lubricants (POL) tanker                                                         
                                                                                
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft                                          
                                                                                
Airports: 315 total, 183 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways;             
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with             
runways 1,220-2,439 m                                                           
                                                                                
Telecommunications: fair system of wire, radio relay, and                       
troposcatter routes; high frequency used extensively for military/Cuban         
links; 40,300 telephones; stations--17 AM, 13 FM, 2 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean        
INTELSAT earth stations                                                         
                                                                                
DEFENSE FORCES                                                                  
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense                   
Organization and Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard                             
                                                                                
Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,080,837; 1,047,500 fit for                
military service; 92,430 reach military age (18) annually                       
                                                                                
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP                                           
                                                                                
