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Grade Level:       Type of Work           Subject/Topic is on:
 [ ]6-8                 [ ]Class Notes    [Brief Look at Robotics  ]
 [ ]9-10                [ ]Cliff Notes    [                        ]
 [x]11-12               [ ]Essay/Report   [                        ]
 [ ]College             [x]Misc           [                        ]

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WIRED HANDS - A Brief Look at Robotics                   NEWSCIENCE
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    Two years ago, the Chrysler corporation completely gutted its Windsor,
Ontario, car assembly plant and within six weeks had installed an entirely
new factory inside the building.  It was a marvel of engineering.  When it
came time to go to work, a whole new work force marched onto the assembly
line.  There on opening day was a crew of 150 industrial robots.

    Industrial robots don't look anything like the androids from sci-fi
books and movies.  They don't act like the evil Daleks or a fusspot C-3P0.
If anything, the industrial robots toiling on the Chrysler line resemble
elegant swans or baby brontosauruses with their fat, squat bodies, long
arched necks and small heads. An industrial robot is essentially a long
manipulator arm that holds tools such as welding guns or motorized
screwdrivers or grippers for picking up objects.

    The robots working at Chrysler and in numerous other modern factories
are extremely adept at performing highly specialized tasks - one robot may
spray paint car parts while another does spots welds while another pours
radioactive chemicals.  Robots are ideal workers: they never get bored and
they work around the clock.  What's even more important, they're flexible.
By altering its programming you can instruct a robot to take on different
tasks. This is largely what sets robots apart from other machines; try as
you might you can't make your washing machine do the dishes.  Although some
critics complain that robots are stealing much-needed jobs away from
people, so far they've been given only the dreariest, dirtiest, most
soul-destroying work.

    The word robot is Slav in origin and is related to the words for work
and worker.  Robots first appeared in a play, Rossum's Universal Robots,
written in 1920 by the Czech playwright, Karel Capek.  The play tells of an
engineer who designs man-like machines that have no human weakness and
become immensely popular.  However, when the robots are used for war they
rebel against their human masters.

    Though industrial robots do dull, dehumanizing work, they are
nevertheless a delight to watch as they crane their long necks, swivel
their heads and poke about the area where they work. They satisfy "that
vague longing to see the human body reflected in a machine, to see a living
function translated into mechanical parts", as one writer has said.

    Just as much fun are the numerous "personal" robots now on the market,
the most popular of which is HERO, manufactured by Heathkit.  Looking like
a plastic step-stool on wheels, HERO can lift objects with its one clawed
arm and utter computer-synthesized speech.  There's Hubot, too, which comes
with a television screen face, flashing lights and a computer keyboard that
pulls out from its stomach.  Hubot moves at a pace of 30 cm per second and
can function as a burglar alarm and a wake up service.  Several years ago,
the swank department store Neiman-Marcus sold a robot pet, named Wires.

    When you boil all the feathers out of the hype, HERO, Hubot, Wires et.
al. are really just super toys.  You may dream of living like a slothful
sultan surrounded by a coterie of metal maids, but any further automation
in your home will instead include things like lights that switch on
automatically when the natural light dims or carpets with permanent suction
systems built into them.

    One of the earliest attempts at a robot design was a machine, nicknamed
Shakey by its inventor because it was so wobbly on its feet.  Today, poor
Shakey is a rusting pile of metal sitting in the corner of a California
laboratory.  Robot engineers have since realized that the greater challenge
is not in putting together the nuts and bolts, but rather in devising the
lists of instructions - the "software - that tell robots what to do".
    
    Software has indeed become increasingly sophisticated year by year.
The Canadian weather service now employs a program called METEO which
translates weather reports from English to French.  There are computer
programs that diagnose medical ailments and locate valuable ore deposits.
Still other computer programs play and win at chess, checkers and go.
  
    As a results, robots are undoubtedly getting "smarter".  The Diffracto
company in Windsor is one of the world's leading designers and makers of
machine vision.  A robot outfitted with Diffracto "eyes" can find a part,
distinguish it from another part and even examine it for flaws.  Diffracto
is now working on a tomato sorter which examines colour, looking for no-red
- i.e. unripe - tomatoes as they roll past its TV camera eye.  When an
unripe tomato is spotted, a computer directs a robot arm to pick out the
pale fruit.

    Another Diffracto system helps the space shuttle's Canadarm pick up
satellites from space.  This sensor looks for reflections on a satellites
gleaming surface and can determine the position and speed of the satellite
as it whirls through the sky.  It tells the astronaut when the satellite is
in the right position to be snatched up by the space arm.

    The biggest challenge in robotics today is making software that can
help robots find their way around a complex and chaotic world.  Seemingly
sophisticated tasks such as robots do in the factories can often be
relatively easy to program, while the ordinary, everyday things people do -
walking, reading a letter, planning a trip to the grocery store - turn out
to be incredibly difficult.  The day has still to come when a computer
program can do anything more than a highly specialized and very orderly
task.

    The trouble with having a robot in the house for example, is that life
there is so unpredictable, as it is everywhere else outside the assembly
line.  In a house, chairs get moved around, there is invariably some
clutter on the floor, kids and pets are always running around.  Robots work
efficiently on the assembly line where there is no variation, but they are
not good at improvisation.  Robots are disco, not jazz.  The irony in
having a robot housekeeper is that you would have to keep your house
perfectly tidy with every item in the same place all the time so that your
metal maid could get around.

        Many of the computer scientists who are attempting to make robots
brighter are said to working in the field of Artificial Intelligence, or
AI.  These researchers face a huge dilemma because there is no real
consensus as to what intelligence is. Many in AI hold the view that the
human mind works according to a set of formal rules.  They believe that the
mind is a clockwork mechanism and that human judgement is simply
calculation. Once these formal rules of thought can be discovered, they
will simply be applied to machines.

    On the other hand, there are those critics of AI who contend that
thought  is intuition, insight, inspiration.  Human consciousness is a
stream in which ideas bubble up from the bottom or jump into the air like
fish.

    This debate over intelligence and mind is, of course, one that has gone
on for thousands of years.  Perhaps the outcome of the "robolution" will be
to make us that much wiser.
