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Grade Level:       Type of Work           Subject/Topic is on:
 [ ]6-8                 [ ]Class Notes    [Shakespeare's King Lear ]
 [ ]9-10                [ ]Cliff Notes    [                        ]
 [x]11-12               [x]Essay/Report   [                        ]
 [ ]College             [ ]Misc           [                        ]

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ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>Chop Here>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ
    Humans, like all creatures on the earth, have the privilege of the
freedom of choice.  There are two broad ranges of factors that affect the
decisions a person makes.  The first factor that affects decision making is
internal and includes a person's character and intellect.  The second
factor is external such as environment and interaction with other people.
Naturally, each decision a person makes results in a repercussion of some
degree, usually either helpful or hindering, and rarely inconsequential.
The concept of justice is based on the fact that decisions are always
followed by consequences.  It strictly adheres to the rewarding of good
deeds and the punishment of evil.  King Lear, a play by William
Shakespeare, is a grave tragedy that is a prime example of the Elizabethan
conception of justice.  Lear's kingdom turns to chaos because of a break in
the "Great Chain of Being" and restores to order when justice prevails.
Its tragic labelling stems from the prevalence of death the just punishment
for many of its characters.  The deaths of Lear, Goneril, and Edmund are
prime examples of justice prevailing for evil, and in Lear's case
unnatural, acts.

    Lear's ultimate fate is death.  His early demise is a direct result of
breaching the "Great Chain of Being" which states that no mortal will
abandon his position in the hierarchy of ranking set by God.  Lear's
intention of abdicating his throne is apparent from the outset and is seen
in the following speech spoken during the opening scene of the play:

	. . . 'tis our fast intent
	To shake all cares and business from our age,
	Conferring them on younger strengths while we
	Unburdened crawl toward death. . .1

    Evidently the splitting of Lear's kingdom and abdication of his throne
is not an act of necessity, but an act toward easing the remainder of his
life.  Lear's disruption of the "Great Chain of Being" is in an unnatural
fashion because the abdication of his kingship is without dire or mortal
cause.  The method of passing down his land to his heirs is also unnatural,
as seen in the following excerpts:


	. . . Know that we have divided
	In three our kingdom. . .
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	We have this hour a constant will to publish
	Our daughters' several dowers. . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	Which of you [three daughters] shall we say doth love us most?
	That we our largest bounty may extend
	Where nature doth with merit challenge. . . .2

    Lear does not bestow his kingdom upon his eldest son, nor is he even
going to bestow the largest portion of the divided kingdom upon his eldest
son. He expresses his intent to split his kingdom and grant the pieces as
his daughters' dowers, the largest piece being granted to whichever of the
three professes to love him most.  This is a violation of the natural order
of commonly accepted hierarchy that states a father's estate  be endowed
upon his eldest son.  An error in judgement and untempered release of anger
are also factors contributing to Lear's downfall.  Lear listens to flattery
from Goneril, "I love you more than word can wield the/matter;"3 and Regan,
"I find she [Goneril] names my very deed of love,/Only she comes too short.
. ."4 in their bidding to profess they love Lear the most among the three
daughters, but Cordelia does not compete with their flattery:

	  Cor.  Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave
	My heart into my mouth.  I love your Majesty [Lear]
	According to my bond [filial], no more nor less.5

    Cordelia cannot flatter Lear with praise and states that she merely
loves him as a daughter should love her father, with respect and obedience.
Lear is so heartbroken by his youngest, and until then his most beloved,
daughter's refusal to praise him with her love that a rage ensues:

	  Lear.  Let it be so! thy truth then be they dower!
	For, by the sacred radiance of the sun,
	The mysteries of Hecate and the night;
	By all the operation of the orbs [stars]
	From whom we do exist and cease to be;
	Here I disclaim all my paternal care,
	Propinquity and property of blood,
	And as a stranger to my heart and me
	Hold thee from this for ever. . .6

    Lear acknowledges that Cordelia s speaking the truth.  Although
confessions of filial love are not inappropriate or evil, Lear's judgement
is clouded by anger at Cordelia's refusal to praise him with flattery as he
had planned and he swears by the gods that Cordelia is no longer his
daughter and chooses not to give any portion of land as her dower.  Lear's
disowning of his daughter for refusing to participate in his unnatural
rites of determining which daughters receive which lands has proved that
his judgements are misguided.  Finally, justice is fulfilled when Lear dies
at the end of the play.  The justice is in response to actions that he
commits which are not necessarily evil-hearted, but for the refusal to
abide by the "Great Chain of Being" and his irrational and cruel disowning
and banishment of Cordelia.

    Goneril suffers the same fate as Lear.  However, Goneril's death is a
direct result of a series of vile, ruthless, and despicable actions,
whereas Lear's death was a result of irrational judgements and unnatural
actions.  The first instance that hints at Goneril's evil nature appears in
a conversation between her and Regan as soon as Lear hands down his power
of state to them:

    Gon.  There is further compliment of leave-taking be-
	tween France and him.  Pray you let's hit together.  If our
	father carry authority with such disposition as he bears,
	This last surrender of his will but offend us.7

    Goneril proposes to Regan that they join forces in stripping Lear of
his authority because she views it as a threat.  This would be considered
an evil act if Goneril was just a peasant or vassal, to plot treason
against the king, but it is worse since Goneril is plotting against her own
father. Clearly she has no respect for Lear as king, superior, or father.
The extent of Goneril's disrespect for hierarchical bonds and her evil
nature is further revealed in the following letter:




    Let our reciprocal vows be remembered.  You [Edmund] have
	many opportunities to cut him [Cornwall] off.  If your will want not,
	time and place will be fruitfully offered.8

    The letter is from Goneril to Edmund.  It details Goneril's wish for
Edmund to kill her husband, Cornwall.  Not only has Goneril disregarded her
filial bond with Lear by disrespecting him and going against his wishes,
but she does worse than that by disregarding her marital bond with Cornwall
and plotting his murder.  Finally, passing the point of plotting murder,
Goneril commits the act herself:

      Edg.  What means this bloody knife?

	  Gent.					'Tis hot, it smokes.
	It came even from the heart of--O, she's dead!

	  Alb.  Who dead?  Speak, man.

	  Gent.  Your lady [Goneril], sir, your lady! and her sister [Regan]
	By her is poisoned; she hath confessed it.9

    Goneril admits having administered a poison to Regan.  Her main purpose
was to have Edmund for herself and he would not have to choose between
them. However, after Edmund is slain by Edgar and Cornwall has proof in the
form of the letter that Goneril plotted against him, Goneril decides there
is no course of action other than to take her own life.  There is no more
evil a person than someone who turns against a parent that gave her life,
plots to take the life of her eternally vowed husband, and finally takes
the life of another human being.  Goneril proves to be the basest evil by
fulfilling all the aforementioned symptoms and there is no more just
punishment for Goneril than her death.

    Edmund is a character whose death is a befitting justice for his acts
of betrayal throughout the play.  The illegitimate son of Gloucester,
Edmund seeks his father's lands through scheming and deception.  His
motives are first made clear in the following soliloquy:

	  Edm.  Thou, Nature, art my goddess; to thy law
	My services are bound.  Wherefore should I
	Stand in the plague of custom and permit
	The curiosity of nations to deprive me,
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land.10

    Edmund's thoughts are of his illegitimacy.  He proclaims that as
Gloucester's son, he is entitled to his lands, and customs of the realm
should not be able to keep them from him.  The last sentence of the
quotation shows that he views the lands as Edgar's already, even though
Gloucester is far from retiring and passing them on to his heir, and it is
against Edgar that he must plot to receive those lands.  Edmund's scheming
against Edgar is made clear in the latter part of the soliloquy:

	Well, my legitimate, if this letter speed
	And my invention thrive, Edmund the base
	shall top the legitimate; I grow; I prosper.11

    Edmund has, cunningly, conceived a letter that will put him above Edgar
in Gloucester's favour.  The letter reads, "If our father would sleep till
I waked him, you should/enjoy half his revenue for ever,"12 and is written
in the likeness of Edgar's script and signed by his name.  It seems to
Gloucester that Edgar would kill him to enjoy his revenue and estate with
Edmund.  The ploy Edmund initiated makes Edgar look like a traitor.  In a
hurried and hectic conversation Edmund confuses Edgar, who is ignorant to
Edgar's ambitious scheming, into fleeing from Gloucester, making him look
guilty of Gloucester's suspicions:

	  Edm.  . . . O sir, fly this place!
	Intelligence is given where you are hid.
	You have now the good advantage of the night.
	Have you not spoken 'gainst the Duke of Cornwall?
	He's coming hither; now, i' the night, i' the haste,
	And Regan with him.  Have you nothing said
	Upon his party 'gainst the Duke of Albany?
	Advise yourself.

	  Edg.                   I am sure on't, not a word.

	  Edm.  I hear my father coming.  Pardon me!
	In cunning I must draw my sword upon you.
	Draw, seem to defend yourself; now quit you well.--
	Yield!  Come before my father.  Light, ho, here!
	Fly, brother.--Torches, torches!--So farewell.13

    Edmund asks Edgar if he has offended the Dukes of Cornwall or Albany
that would provoke Cornwall to come to Gloucester's castle with such haste
in the middle of the night.  Edgar pleads innocence, forcing Edmund to
enhance his deception.  He tells Edgar that he must draw his sword as if
defending himself or trying to capture a wanted man.  Edgar flees, and to
enhance the deception in Gloucester's eyes even further Edmund stabs
himself. "Bringing the murderous coward [Edgar] to the stake;/He that
conceals him, death."14 Gloucester, arriving on the scene, is convinced of
Edgar's treason.  Edmund has removed Edgar from his father's favour, but
does not yet possess Gloucester's lands or wealth.  An opportunity presents
itself which Edmund plans to take advantage of:

	  Glou.  . . .I have
	received a letter this night--'tis dangerous to be spoken--I
	have locked the letter in my closet.  These injuries the
	King now bears will be revenged home; there is a part of a
	power already footed. . .15

    Gloucester reveals to Edmund a letter he received.  It entails that a
secret power, France, has landed in the realm to revenge disrespect toward
Lear.  Edmund says:


	  Edm.  This courtesy, forbid thee, shall the Duke
	Instantly know, and of that letter too.
	Seems a fair deserving, and must draw me
	That which my father loses--no less than all.
	The younger rises when the old doth fall.16

    Edmund plans to tell the Duke of Albany of the letter Gloucester has
received and of his journey to inform Lear of the French forces coming to
aid him.  The information makes Gloucester look like a traitor in the
Duke's eyes and Edmund realizes he will be rewarded with his father's lands
since they will be stripped from him for treason.  Edmund's evil
heartedness and willingness to sacrifice his family for status and wealth
clearly demands some sort of punishment as justice.  It is only fitting
that the betrayal of his own blood, both his father and brother, is
answered by justice in his death at Edgar's hands.

    Lear, Goneril, and Edmund were each motivated in different ways. Lear's
was an unnatural and irrational motivation.  Greed and selfishness moved
Edmund to the decisions he made.  Lastly, Goneril's heart was of the basest
evil and jealousy.  Although the methods and paths of their downfall were
different, each person suffers the identical fate as decided by justice.
It is debatable whether each decision we make is weighed on a cosmic scale
with justice waiting to punish the evil or reward the good, but what is
certain is that each decision we make plays a direct role in our futures.

NOTES

	1William Shakespeare, King Lear (New York:  Washington Square Press, 1957), I.i..38-41.
	2Ibid., I.i.37-54.
	3Ibid., I.i.56-57.
	4Ibid., I.i.75-76.
	5Ibid., I.i.96-98.
	6Ibid., I.i.115-123.
	7Ibid., I.i.331-334.
	8Ibid., IV.vi.287-289.
	9Ibid., V.iii.266-271.
	10Ibid., I.ii.1-16.
	11Ibid., I.ii.19-21.
	12Ibid., I.ii.52-53.
	13Ibid., II.i.20-33.
	14Ibid., II.i.68-69.
	15Ibid., III.iii.8-13.
	16Ibid., III.iii.20-24.

REFERENCES

Shakespeare, William.  King Lear.  New York:  Washington Square Press, 1957.
