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    пллллллллллллллм  плл   млллмллммм   пллллм плллллллмллмммллн лп
        пппллллллллллм он  лллллллллллпплмоллл    лллллм    пплллоп
Mo.iMP  мллм  плллллллнл  оллллллллл    олллл     олллллн      плп
      мллллллл  ллллллллн оллллллллн     ллл       лллллл
     млллллллн  олллллллл олллллллл       п        оллллллм   мл
    млллллллн    лллллллл  ллллллллн               оолллллллллп
   млплллллл мм  ллллллллн ллолллллн               оллллллпп
  млпллллллмллллмолллллллл ол пллллл           м   лнллллл             м
 мл оллллллллллп  ллллллллл плм  плллмм    ммлллп ол олллн         ммлл
лл   ллллллллп    ллллллллллм плм  пплллллллллп мммп ллллмммммммлллллп
 плм   млллп       пллллллллллм  ппмм ппмллпп  пллм   ппплплллллллпп
    ппппп                ппллп      ппппп        ппппппппппппп
          ARRoGANT                CoURiERS      WiTH     ESSaYS

Grade Level:       Type of Work           Subject/Topic is on:
 [ ]6-8                 [ ]Class Notes    [Report on Queen Eliza-  ]
 [x]9-10                [ ]Cliff Notes    [beth during Elizabethan ]
 [ ]11-12               [x]Essay/Report   [times                   ]
 [ ]College             [ ]Misc           [                        ]

 Dizzed: 09/94  # of Words:815   School: ?              State: ?
ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>Chop Here>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ
                        QUEEN ELIZABETH I


     Queen Elizabeth was born in Greenwich Palace on September 7,
1533.  She died on March 24, 1603, of natural causes.  Her father
was Henry VII.  His second wife, Anne Boleyn was Elizabeth's
mother.  King Henry wanted a son, but received a daughter,
instead, from his second wife.  Before Elizabeth's third
birthday, Henry had her mother beheaded in charges of adultery
and treason.
     Elizabeth was brought up in a separate household at Hatfield
(not known).  King Henry's third wife gave birth to a son.  This
boy was named Edward.  Edward was declared first in line for King
Henry's throne, while Mary (Daughter of Henry's first wife) was
declared second, and Elizabeth was declared third and last in
line for the throne.
     Elizabeth received a thorough education that was normally
reserved for men.  She was taught by special tutors of whom, the
most known, was a Cambridge humanist by the name of Roger Ascham. 
Roger Ascham wrote about Elizabeth, "Her mind has no womanly
weakness.  Her perseverance is equal to that of a man and her
memory long keeps what it quickly picks up.  With the help of
these tutors, she was not only fluent in two languages, but in
four languages.  She was fluent in the languages of Greek, Latin,
French, and Italian.


               When Henry died in 1547, her brother, Edward, took over the
throne at ten years of age.  Edward, with a short reign on the
throne, died in 1553, and Elizabeth's half, older sister, Mary
took the throne.  Mary, like Edward, died on November 17, 1558,
after a short time on the throne.In October 1562, Queen
Elizabeth almost died of small pox.
     In 1584, Europe's other major protestant leader, William of
Orange, was assassinated.  For the first time in her life,
Elizabeth showed some concern.  She was now, the only major
protestant leader in Europe.  At this time, Elizabeth's Privy
council drew up a Bond of Association which pledged that its
signers, in an attempt on Elizabeth's life, would kill the
assassins along with the claimant to the throne who the attempt
was made for.
     In the mid 1580s, it was clear that a direct military
confrontation between England and Spain was unavoidable in the
near future.  
     Word reached London that the Spanish king, Philip II, had
started to assemble together an enormous fleet that would sail to
the Netherlands, and join forces with a waiting Spanish army led
by the duke of Parma.  After joining forces, this fleet would
proceed to invade and probably conquer the now protestant
England.
     The always conservative queen reluctantly had authorized
sufficient funds to maintain a fleet of maneuverable, well-armed
fighting ships, to which other ships from the merchant fleet
would be added.
               In July 1588, the "Invincible Armada" reached the English
water and the queen's ships.  In one of the most famous naval
encounters of history, the queen's ships defeated the enemy
fleet, which then in an attempt to return to Spain, was all but
destroyed by terrible storms.
     At the time when the Spanish invasion was expected, Queen
Elizabeth decided to review in person, a detachment of soldiers
assembled at Tilbury.  She was dressed in a white gown and a
silver breastplate and she rode through the camp and proceeded to
deliver a celebrated speech.  Some of her councilors had
cautioned her against appearing before a large and armed crowd. 
But she told them that she would not distrust her faithful and
loving people.  Also, she was not afraid of Parma's army.  
     At this time, she says, "I know I have the body of a weak
and feeble woman, but I have a heart and stomach of a king, and
of a king of England too."  She then promised, "in the word of a
Prince."
     Francis Bacon wrote, a few years after Elizabeth's death,
"She imagined, that the people, who are much influenced by
externals, would be diverted by the glitter of her jewels, from
noticing the decay of her personal attractions."  Bacon's
cynicism reflects the darkening tone of the last decade of Queen
Elizabeth's reign, where her control of her country's political,
religious, and economic forces and over her representation of
herself began to show severe strains.


               Bad harvests, continued inflation, and unemployment caused
strain and a loss of public morale.  Charge of corruption and
greed led to widespread popular hatred of the Queen's favourite,
to whom she had given large and much-resented monopolies.
     Queen Elizabeth continued to make brilliant speeches, to
exercise her authority.  But she suffered from bouts of
melancholy, ill health, and showed signs of increasing debility. 
As Sir Walter Raleigh remarked, "a lady surprised by time."
     On march 24, 1603, having reportedly indicated JAMES VI as
her successor, Queen Elizabeth died quietly.  The nation accepted
the new King quite enthusiastically.
     But long before her death, she had transformed herself into
a powerful image of female authority.
