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          ARRoGANT                CoURiERS      WiTH     ESSaYS

Grade Level:       Type of Work           Subject/Topic is on:
 [ ]6-8                 [ ]Class Notes    [Info on Making a Fire   ]
 [ ]9-10                [ ]Cliff Notes    [Bomb                    ]
 [x]11-12               [ ]Essay/Report   [                        ]
 [ ]College             [x]Misc           [                        ]

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Sec. V  No. 4               Gelled Flame Fuels

     Gelled or paste type fuels are often preferable to raw gasoline for
use in incendiary devices such as fire bottles (Molotov cocktails). This
type fuel adheres more readily to the target and produces greater heat
concentration.

     Several methods are shown for gelling gasoline using commonly
available materials. The methods are divided into the following categories
based on the gelling agent:

          4.1  Lye System

          4.2  Lye-Alcohol System

          4.3  Soap-Alcohol Systems

          4.4  Egg White System

          4.5  Latex System

          4.6  Wax System

          4.7  Animal Blood System






                  From the Improvised Munitions Handbook
                      Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia

Sec. V  No. 4.1                Lye System
                             Gelled Flame Fuel

     Lye (also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide) can be used in
combination with powdered rosin or castor oil to gel gasoline for use as a
flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.

     Note: This fuel is unsuitable for use in the chemical self-
     igniting (sulfuric acid) type of fire bottle (Sec V No 1). The
     acid will react with the lye and break down the gel.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Parts by volume  Ingredient    How Used           Common Source
---------------  ----------    --------           -------------
     60          Gasoline      Motor Fuel         Gas Station
                                                  or motor vehicle

     2 (flake)   Lye           Drain cleaner,     food/drug store
     1 (powder)                making soap

     15          Rosin         making paint       naval stores
                               and varnish        paint factory 
                   or

                Castor Oil     medicine           food/drug store

PROCEDURE:

     CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when
     mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING!

1 -  Pour gasoline into a jar, bottle, or other container. (DO NOT USE AN
     ALUMINUM CONTAINER!)

2 -  If rosin is in cake form, cut into small pieces

3 -  Add rosin or castor oil to the gasoline and stir for about five (5)
     minutes to mix thoroughly.

4 -  In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of
     water slowly while stirring constantly.

     CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any
     is spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water.

5 -  Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens
     (about 1 minute)

     The mixture will eventually thicken into a very firm paste which
     can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional gasoline.

Sec. V  No. 4.2            Lye-Alcohol System
                             Gelled Flame Fuel

     Lye (also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide) can be used in
combination with alcohol and any of several fats to gel gasoline for use as
a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.

     Note: This fuel is unsuitable for use in the chemical self-
     igniting (sulfuric acid) type of fire bottle (Sec V No 1). The
     acid will react with the lye and break down the gel.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Parts by volume  Ingredient    How Used           Common Source
---------------  ----------    --------           -------------
     60          Gasoline      Motor Fuel        Gas Station 
                                                 or motor vehicle

     2 (flake)   Lye           Drain cleaner,    drug store
     1 (powder)                making soap       food store

     2           Ethyl Alcohol liquor            liquor store
                               medicine          drug store

     NOTE: Methyl (wood) alcohol or isopropyl alcohol can be
     substituted for ethyl alcohol, but their use produces softer gels.

     14          Tallow        food              Fat rendered by
                               making soap       cooking the meat
                                                 or suet of animals

     NOTE: The following can be substituted for tallow:
     (a)  Lanolin (very good) woolgrease -- fat extracted from
          sheep's wool
     (b)  Castor Oil (good)
     (c)  Any vegetable oil (corn, cottonseed, peanut, etc.)
     (d)  Any fish oil
     (e)  Butter or margarine

     It ia necessary when using substitutes (c) to (e) to double the
     given amount of lye and fat for satisfactory thickening.


PROCEDURE:

     CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when
     mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING!

1-   Pour gasoline into bottle, jar or other container. (DO NOT USE AN
     ALUMINUM CONTAINER!)

2-   Add Tallow (or substitute) to the gasoline and stir for 30 seconds to
     dissolve fat completely

3-   Add alcohol to the gas/fat mixture

4 -  In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of
     water slowly while stirring constantly.

     CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any
     is spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water.

5 -  Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens
     (about 30 minutes)

     The mixture will eventually (1 to 2 days) thicken into a very firm
     paste which can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional
     gasoline.

Sec. V  No. 4.3            Soap-Alcohol System
                             Gelled Flame Fuel

Material Required:

Parts by
 Volume    Ingredient      How Used         Common Sources
--------   ----------      --------         --------------
  36       Gasoline        Motor fuel     Gas station, Motor vehicles

   1       Ethyl Alcohol   Liquor         Liquor store
                           medicine       Drug store

     NOTE: Methyl (wood) or Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohols can de
     substituted for ethyl alcohol.

 20 (powder) Laundry Soap  Washing        Stores, homes
 28 (flake)                of clothes

     NOTE: Unless the word "SOAP" actually appears somewhere on the
     container or wrapper, a washing powder is probably a detergent.
     DETERGENTS CAN NOT BE USED.

PROCEDURE:

     CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when
     mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING!

1-   If bar soap is used, carve into thin flakes with a knife or grate with
     a cheese grater.

2-   Pour gasoline and alcohol into a bottle, jar or other container and mix
     thoroughly.

3-   Add soap to gasoline-alcohol mixture and stir occasionally until
     thickened (about 15 minutes).

Sec V  No. 4.4                 Egg System
                             Gelled Flame Fuel

     The white of any bird egg can be used to thicken gasoline for use as a
     flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.

Materials Required:

Parts by
Volume    Ingredient      How Used         Common Source
------    ----------      --------         -------------
 85       Gasoline        Motor Fuel      Gas stations, motor vehicles

 14       Egg whites      food, industry  food stores, farms 

     Any one of the following:

  1       Table salt      food, industry   food stores, hardware stores,
                                          seawater, brine

  3       Ground coffee   food             food store, coffee plant

  3       Dry tea leaves  food             food store, tea plant

  3       Cocoa           food             food store, cacao tree

  2       Sugar           food, industry   food store, food processing,
                                           sugar cane

  1       Saltpeter       medicine, ex-    Drug store, natural deposits
         (potassium       plosives, pyro- 
          nitrate)        technics, matches

  1      Epsom salts      medicine         drug/food store, natural deposits

  2      Washing soda     washing cleaner  drug/food store
         (sal soda)       medicine         photo supply store
                          photography

  1 1/2  Baking Soda      baking, medicine drug/food stores
        (sodium bicarbonate)

  1 1/2  Aspirin          medicine          drug/food store
        (acetylsalicylic acid)

PROCEDURE:

     CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when mixing
     flame fuels. NO SMOKING!

1-   Separate egg whites from yolk. There is a simple kitchen tool to do
     this, or break the egg into a bowl and gently lift out the yolk with a
     spoon.

     NOTE: Do not mix ANY of the yellow yolk in with the clear white.
     If yolk contaminates the white, discard the egg.

2-   Pour egg into a jar, bottle, or other container and add gasoline.

3-   Add the salt (or other additive) to the gas/egg mixture and stir
     occasionally until gel forms (5-10 minutes)

     NOTE: A thicker gelled flame fuel can be formed by putting the
     covered container in a bath of hot (65јC/145јF) water for about
     1/2 hour and then cooling to room temperature. (DO NOT HEAT THE
     GELLED FUEL CONTAINING COFFEE)

Sec. V  No. 4.5               Latex System
                             Gelled Flame Fuel

     Any milky white plant fluid is a potential source of latex which can be
used to gel gasoline.

Materials Required:

    Ingredient        How Used            Common Source
    ----------        --------            -------------
    Gasoline          Motor Fuel          Gas stations,
                                                 motor vehicles

    Latex             paints, adhesives   Rubber cement    
   (commercial or natural)                Tree or plant
                                                 paint factory

    Acid- 1 of:
    Acetic Acid       food, photography   Food store
    (vinegar)                             Photo supplies
                                          hard cider

    Sulfuric acid    Storage batteries   Motor Vehicles
    (Oil of Vitriol)  Industry            Industrial plants

    Hydrochloric acid Metal pickling,     Hardware stores
    (Muriatic acid)   cleaning, industry  Industrial plants

     NOTE: If acids are unavailable, use acid salt (alum, sulfates and
     chlorides rather than sodium or potassium). The formic acid from
     crushed red ants can be used.

Procedure: With commercial rubber latex-

1-   Mix 92 parts by volume gasoline and 7 parts latex in a jar, bottle or
     other container. Mix thoroughly.
2-   Add 1 part by volume acid and stir or shake until gel forms.

           With Natural Latex:

1-   Natural latex should form lumps as it comes from the plant. If lumps do
     not form, add a small amount of acid to the latex. Strain off the lumps
     and allow to dry in air.

2-   Place 20 parts by volume latex in a jar and add 80 parts gasoline.
     Cover and wait until latex lumps swell to form a gelatinous mass (2-3
     days).

Sec. V  No. 4.6                Wax System
                             Gelled Flame Fuel

     Any of several common waxes can be used to gel gasoline for use as a
flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.

Materials Required:

Parts by
Volume    Ingredient      How Used         Common Source
------    ----------      --------         -------------
 80       Gasoline        Motor Fuel      Gas stations, motor vehicles

 20       Any of the following:
         Ozocerite       leather polish   natural deposits
         Mineral wax     sealing wax      hardware store
         Ceresin wax     candles          general store
         fossil wax      crayons          department store
                         waxed paper
                         home canning

         Beeswax         candles          beehive honeycomb
                         wax fruit        Apiary supplies
                         floor waxes      general store
                         textile finish   department store

         Bayberry wax    candles          natural form
         Myrtle wax      soaps            Myrica berries
                         medicines        drug store
                         leather polish   general store

Procedure:
1-   Natural Sources - Plants and berries are potential sources of waxes.
     Place the plants and/or berries in boiling water. The wax will melt and
     rise to the surface. Let the water cool and skim off the now hardened
     wax.

2-   Melt the wax and pour it into a jar or bottle which is in a hot water
     bath.
3-   Add the gasoline and stir to mix in the wax.

4-   When the wax has completely dissolved in gasoline, allow the water bath
     to slowly cool to room temperature.

5-   If a gel does not form, add additional wax, up to 40% by volume. If no
     gel forms with 40% wax, make a lye solution by dissolving a small
     amount of lye (sodium hydroxide) in an equal amount of water. Add this
     solution (1/2% by volume) to the gas/wax mixture and shake or stir
     until the mixture gels.

Sec. V  No. 4.7            Animal Blood System
                             Gelled Flame Fuel

     Animal blood can be used to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel which
will adhere to target surfaces.

Materials Required:

Parts by
Volume    Ingredient      How Used         Common Source
------    ----------      --------         -------------
 68       Gasoline        Motor Fuel      Gas stations, motor vehicles

 30       Blood           food            Slaughterhouse, wild animals
          Serum           medicine        Hospitals

  2       Any one of the following:

          salt
          ground coffee
          dry tea leaves
          sugar
          baking soda
          epsom salts
          lime            mortar           Hardware/garden store
                          plaster          drug store
                          medicine         from calcium carbonate

Procedure:
     Preparation of animal blood serum: Hang animal over pail or tub. Slit
     animal's throat by jugular vein and allow to drain into pail. Let the
     blood sit until it gets lumpy (coagulated). Place lumpy blood in a
     cloth or on a screen and collect the red fluid (serum) which drains
     through. Store this in a cool place if possible

     CAUTION: Do not get aged animal blood or serum into an open cut.
     This may cause infections.

1-   Pour blood serum into a jar, bottle , or other container and add
     gasoline.

2-   Add the salt (or other additive) and stir until a gel forms.

Sec. V  No. 1             Chemical Fire Bottle
             This incendiary bottle is self-igniting on impact

     (The advantage of a self-igniting flame bottle is that there is no
     flame trail leading back to the thrower. Hostile forces thus have
     some difficulty spotting the source of the device.)

Materials Required:

                    How Used            Common Sources
                    --------            --------------
Gasoline            Motor Fuel          Gas station, motor vehicles

Sulfuric acid       Batteries           Motor vehicles
                    Material Pro-       Industrial plants
                    cessing

Potassium Chlorate  Medicine            Drug store

Sugar               Sweetener           Food stores

Glass bottle with stopper, cap, or cork (approx 1 litre size)
Small bottle or jar with lid
Rag or absorbent paper (paper towel, newspaper)
String or rubber bands

Procedure:

1-   Sulfuric Acid must be concentrated. If battery acid or other dilute
     acid is used, concentrate it by boiling until dense white fumes are
     given off. Use enamelware or ovenproof glass container, not metal and
     especially not aluminum.

     DANGER: Acid will burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is
     spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water.
     Fumes are also dangerous and must not be inhaled.

2-   Remove the acid from heat and allow to cool to room temperature.

3-   Pour gasoline into the large bottle until it is approximately 2/3 full.

4-   Add concentrated sulfuric acid until the bottle is filled to within 2-5
     cm from the top (1-2 in.). Cap the bottle securely.

5-   Wash the outside of the bottle thoroughly with clear water.

     CAUTION: If the bottle is not thoroughly washed, it may be
     dangerous to handle during use.

6-   Wrap a clean cloth or several layers of absorbent paper around the
     outside of the bottle. Tie with string or fasten with rubber
     bands.

7-   Dissolve 100g (1/2 cup) of potassium chlorate and 100g (1/2 cup) sugar
     in 250cc (1 cup) boiling water.

8-   Allow the solution to cool, pour it into the small jar and cap tightly.
     The cooled solution should be approx. 2/3 crystals and 1/3 liquid. If
     there is more liquid than this, pour off excess before using.

     DANGER: Do not store these two bottles together! If the solutions
     mix by accident a fire will immediately result.


How To Use:

1-   Shake the small bottle to mix the contents thoroughly, and pour onto
     the cloth or paper around the large bottle. Bottle can be used while
     the cloth or paper is wet or after it dries. After drying, however, the
     sugar/potassium chlorate mixture is extremely flammable and can be
     ignited by the smallest spark or flame and must be handled accordingly.
     The bottle can be wrapped in plastic to delay drying.

2-   Throw or launch the bottle. When the bottle breaks against a hard
     surface, the fuel will ignite.




