  Linux IPX-HOWTO
  Kevin Thorpe, kevin@pricetrak.com
  v2.3, 06 May 1998

  This document aims to describe how to obtain, install and configure
  various tools available for the the Linux operating system that use
  the Linux kernel IPX protocol support.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents
























































  1. Introduction.

     1.1 Changes from the previous release.
     1.2 Introduction.

  2. Disclaimer.

  3. Related Documentation.

     3.1 New versions of this document.
     3.2 Feedback.
     3.3 Mailing list support.

  4. Some of the terms used in this document.

  5. A brief discussion of IPX network topology

  6. The IPX related files in the

  7. Greg Pages IPX tools.

     7.1 The IPX tools in more detail.

  8. Configuring your Linux machine as an IPX router.

     8.1 Do I need to configure an internal network ?

  9. Configuring your Linux machine as an NCP client.

     9.1 Obtaining
     9.2 Building
     9.3 Building
     9.4 Configuring and using

  10. Configuring your Linux machine as an NCP server.

     10.1 The
        10.1.1 Capability of
        10.1.2 Obtaining
        10.1.3 Building the
     10.2 The
        10.2.1 Capability of
        10.2.2 Obtaining
        10.2.3 Building
        10.2.4 Configuring and using

  11. Configuring your Linux machine as a Novell Print Client.

  12. Configuring your Linux machine as a Novell Print Server.

     12.1 Prerequisites
     12.2 Configuration

  13. An overview of the

     13.1 User commands.
     13.2 Administration tools.

  14. Configuring PPP for IPX support.

     14.1 Configuring an IPX/PPP server.
        14.1.1 First steps.
        14.1.2 Design.
        14.1.3 Configure
        14.1.4 Test the server configuration.
     14.2 Configuring an IPX/PPP client.
        14.2.1 Configuring
        14.2.2 Testing the IPX/PPP client.

  15. IPX tunnel over IP

     15.1 Obtaining
     15.2 Building
     15.3 Configuring
     15.4 Testing and using

  16. Commercial IPX support for Linux.

     16.1 Caldera'a Network Desktop

  17. Some Frequently Asked Questions

  18. Copyright Message.

  19. Miscellaneous and Acknowledgements.



  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Introduction.

  This is the Linux IPX-HOWTO. You should read the Linux NET-3-HOWTO in
  conjunction with this document.


  1.1.  Changes from the previous release.



  Change of author:
          Many thanks to Terry Dawson for passing on this document and
          congratulations on becoming a father :-).

  Additions:
          Addition of a brief explanation of IPX. This is in response to
          many baffled queries on the discussion lists.

  Corrections/Updates:
          New version of ncpfs which now supports NDS logins. This is early
          beta test and may be prohibited in your country due to the use of
          patented technology.

          Addition of support for trustee rights in mars_nwe. This is still
          in beta test.




  1.2.  Introduction.

  The Linux Kernel has a completely new network implementation as
  compared to other Unix like operating systems. The ability to take a
  fresh approach to developing the kernel networking software has led to
  the Linux kernel having support for a range of non tcp/ip protocols
  being built. The IPX protocol is one of those that have been included.

  The Linux kernel supports the IPX protocol only. It does not yet
  support protocols such as IPX/RIP, SAP or NCP, these are supported by
  other software such as that documented elsewhere in this document.


  The IPX support was originally developed by Alan Cox
  <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> and has been significantly enhanced by Greg
  Page <greg@caldera.com>.


  2.  Disclaimer.

  I do not and cannot know everything there is to know about the Linux
  network software. Please accept and be warned that this document
  probably does contain errors. Please read any README files that are
  included with any of the various pieces of software described in this
  document for more detailed and accurate information. I will attempt to
  keep this document as error-free and up-to-date as possible. Versions
  of software are current as at time of writing.

  In no way do I or the authors of the software in this document offer
  protection against your own actions. If you configure this software,
  even as described in this document and it causes problems on your
  network then you alone must carry the responsibility. I include this
  warning because IPX network design and configuration is not always a
  simple matter and sometimes undesirable interaction with other routers
  and fileservers can result if you do not design or configure your
  network carefully. I also include this warning because I was asked to
  by someone unfortunate enough to have discovered this lesson the hard
  way.


  3.  Related Documentation.

  This document presumes you understand how to build a Linux kernel with
  the appropriate networking options selected and that you understand
  how to use the basic network tools such as ifconfig and route.  If you
  do not, then you should read the NET-3-HOWTO <NET-3-HOWTO.html> in
  conjunction with this document as it describes these.

  Other Linux HOWTO documents that might be useful are:

  The Ethernet-HOWTO <Ethernet-HOWTO.html>, which describes the details
  of configuring an Ethernet device for Linux.

  The PPP-HOWTO <PPP-HOWTO.html> as IPX support is available for version
  2.2.0d and later of the Linux PPP implementation.


  3.1.  New versions of this document.

  If your copy of this document is more than two months old then I
  strongly recommend you obtain a newer version. The networking support
  for Linux is changing very rapidly with new enhancements and features,
  so this document also changes fairly frequently. The latest released
  version of this document can always be retrieved by anonymous ftp
  from:

  ftp:/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/IPX-HOWTO>/ or:
  ftp:/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/IPX-
  HOWTO{-html.tar,ps,dvi}.gz>/ via the World Wide Web from the Linux
  Documentation Project Web Server
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/linux.html>, at page: IPX-HOWTO
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/IPX-HOWTO.html> or directly from me,
  <kevin@pricetrak.com>. It may also be posted to the newsgroups:
  comp.os.linux.networking, comp.os.linux.answers and news.answers from
  time to time.




  3.2.  Feedback.

  Please send any comments, updates, or suggestions to me,
  <kevin@pricetrak.com>. The sooner I get feedback, the sooner I can
  update and correct this document. If you find any problems with it,
  please mail me directly as I can miss info posted to the newsgroups.


  3.3.  Mailing list support.

  There is a mailing list established for discussion of the various
  Linux IPX software packages described in this document. You can
  subscribe to it by sending a mail message to `listserv@sh.cvut.cz'
  with `add linware' in the body of the message. To post to the list
  your send your mail to `linware@sh.cvut.cz'. I regularly watch this
  list.

  The mailing list is archived at www.kin.vslib.cz
  <http://www.kin.vslib.cz/hypermail/linware/>.


  4.  Some of the terms used in this document.

  You will often see the terms client and server used in this document.
  They are normally fairly specific terms but in this document I have
  generalized their definitions a little so that they mean the
  following:

     client
        The machine or program that initiates an action or a connection
        for the purpose of gaining use of some service or data.

     server
        The machine or program that accepts incoming connections from
        multiple remote machines and provides a service or data to
        those.

  These definitions are not very reliable either, but they provide a
  means of distinguishing the ends of peer to peer systems such as SLIP
  or PPP which truly do not actually have clients and servers.

  Other terms you will see are:

     Bindery
        The bindery is a specialised database storing network
        configuration information on a Novell fileserver. Netware
        clients may query the bindery to obtain information on available
        services, routing and user information.

     Frame Type
        is a term used to describe that actual protocol used to carry
        the IPX (and IP) datagrams across your ethernet style network
        segments. There are four common ones. They are:

        Ethernet_II
           This is a refined version of the original DIX ethernet
           standard. Novell has been allocated a formal protocol id and
           this means that both IPX and IP can coexist happily in an
           Ethernet_II environment quite happily. This is commonly used
           in Novell environments and is a good choice.

        802.3
           This is an I.E.E.E. protocol defining a Carrier Sense
           Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) mechanism.
           It was based on the original DIX Ethernet standard, with an
           important modification, the type (protocol id) field was
           converted into a length field instead. It is for this reason
           that IPX really shouldn't be run here. IEEE 802.3 was
           designed to carry IEEE 802.2 frames only but there are
           implementations that use it to carry IPX frames directly and
           remarkably it does work. Avoid it unless you are trying to
           interwork with a network already configured to use it.

        802.2
           This is an I.E.E.E. protocol that defines a set of Logical
           Link Control procedures. It provides a simplistic way of
           allowing different protocols to coexist, but is quite limited
           in this respect. Novell uses an unofficial Service Address
           Point (like a protocol id) but since everyone else uses it as
           well, that hasn't yet presented too much of a problem.

        SNAP
           SNAP is the Sub Network Access Protocol. This protocol is
           designed ride on top of 802.3 and 802.2. It expands the
           multiprotocol capability of 802.2 and provides some measure
           of compatability with existing Ethernet and Ethernet_II frame
           types.


     IPX
        Internet Packet eXchange is a protocol used by the Novell
        corporation to provide internetworking support for their
        NetWare(tm) product.  IPX is similar in functionality to the IP
        protocol used by the tcp/ip community.

     IPX network address
        This is a number which uniquely identifies a particular IPX
        network. The usual notation for this address is in hexadecimal.
        An example might look like: 0x23a91002.

     IPX Internal network
        This is a virtual IPX network. It is virtual because it does not
        correspond to a physical network. This is used to provide a
        means of uniquely identifying and addressing a particular IPX
        host. This is generally only useful to IPX hosts that exist on
        more than one physical IPX network such as fileservers. The
        address is coded in the same form as for a physical IPX network.

     RIP
        Routing Information Protocol is a protocol used to automatically
        propagate network routes in an IPX network. It is functionally
        similar to the RIP used within the tcp/ip community.

     NCP
        NetWare Core Protocol is a networked filesystem protocol
        designed by the Novell Corporation for their NetWare(tm)
        product. NCP is functionally similar to the NFS used in the
        tcp/ip community.

     SAP
        Service Advertisement Protocol is a protocol designed by the
        Novell Corporation that is used to advertise network services in
        a NetWare(tm) environment.

     Hardware address
        This is a number that uniquely identifies a host in a physical
        network at the media access layer. Examples of this are Ethernet
        Addresses. An Ethernet address is generally coded as six
        hexadecimal values separated by colon characters eg.
        00:60:8C:C3:3C:0F


     route
        The route is the path that your packets take through the network
        to reach their destination.


  5.  A brief discussion of IPX network topology

  This is a much simplified explanation for people new to IPX. Large
  networks will probably break lots of the rules explained here. In
  complex IPX networks the administrator should always be consulted.

  IPX networking revolves around a scheme of numbered networks unlike IP
  which places more emphasis on the interface addresses. A network is a
  collection of equipment connected to the same LAN segment and using
  the same frame type. Different frame types on the same LAN segment are
  treated as seperate networks.

  Each network must be allocated a number which is unique across the
  entire internetwork. This is usually performed by a NetWare(tm)
  server, but can easily be performed by Linux. IPX clients are given
  this number by the server when starting, they only require to know the
  correct frame type.

  Routing between networks is usually performed by putting two network
  cards in a server. This server then runs the RIP protocol which holds
  a routing table for the internetwork. Periodic broadcasts of this
  routing table are exchanged between servers. Within a short time each
  server 'discovers' the topology of the internetwork.

  If you only wish to use the services of an existing NetWare server,
  you can use ipx_configure (section 7.1) to automatically define the
  IPX interfaces by using broadcast queries to look for a server. If
  this fails, or you wish to provide IPX services, you will need to
  define the interfaces manually using ipx_interface or mars_nwe.


  6.  The IPX related files in the /proc  filesystem.

  There are a number of files related to the Linux IPX support that are
  located within the /proc filesystem. They are:


     /proc/net/ipx_interface
        This file contains information about the IPX interfaces
        configured on your machine. These may have been configured
        manually by command or automatically detected and configured.

     /proc/net/ipx_route
        This file contains a list of the routes that exist in the IPX
        routing table. These routes may have been added manually by
        command or automatically by an IPX routing daemon.

     /proc/net/ipx
        This file is a list of the IPX sockets that are currently open
        for use on the machine.


  7.  Greg Pages IPX tools.

  Greg Page <greg@caldera.com of Caldera Incorporated has written a
  suite of IPX configuration tools and enhanced the Linux IPX kernel
  support.

  The kernel enhancements allow linux to be configured as a fully
  featured IPX bridge or router. The enhanced IPX support has already
  been fed back into the mainstream kernel distribution so you will
  probably already have it.

  The network configuration tools provide you with the capability to
  configure your network devices to support IPX and allow you to
  configure IPX routing and other facilities under Linux. The Linux IPX
  network tools are available from: sunsite.unc.edu
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/ncpfs/ipx.tgz>.


  7.1.  The IPX tools in more detail.


     ipx_interface
        This command is used to manually add, delete or check ipx
        capability to an existing network device. Normally the network
        device would be an Ethernet device such at eth0. At least one
        IPX interface must be designated the primary interface and the
        -p flag to this command does this. For example to enable
        Ethernet device eth0 for IPX capability as the primary IPX
        interface using the IEEE 802.2 frame type and IPX network
        address 39ab0222 you would use:


          # ipx_interface add -p eth0 802.2 0x39ab0222




     If the frame type differs from NetWare(tm) servers on this network,
     they will studiously ignore you. If the frame type is correct but
     the network number differs, they will still ignore you but complain
     frequently on the NetWare server console. The latter is guaranteed
     to gain you flames from your NetWare administrator and may disrupt
     existing NetWare clients.

     If you get an error while running this program and you happen to
     not have already configured tcp/ip, then you will find that you
     need to manually start the eth0 interface using the command:


          # ifconfig eth0 up





     ipx_configure
        This command enables or disables the automatic setting of the
        interface configuration and primary interface settings.

        --auto_interface
           allows you to select whether new network devices should be
           automatically configured as IPX devices or not.

        --auto_primary
           allows you to select whether the IPX software should
           automatically select a primary interface or not. Problems
           have been noted using this with Windows 95 clients on the
           network.

        A typical example would be to enable both automatic interface
        configuration and automatic primary interface setting with the
        following command:



     # ipx_configure --auto_interface=on --auto_primary=on





     ipx_internal_net
        This command allows you to configure or deconfigure an internal
        network address. An internal network address is optional, but
        when it is configured it will always be the primary interface.
        To configure an IPX network address of ab000000 on IPX node 1
        you would use:


          # ipx_internal_net add 0xab000000 1





     ipx_route
        The command allows you to manually modify the IPX routing table.
        For example to add a route to IPX network 39ab0222 via a router
        with node number 00608CC33C0F on IPX network 39ab0108:


          # ipx_route add 0x39ab0222 0x39ab0108 0x00608CC33C0F





  8.  Configuring your Linux machine as an IPX router.

  If you have a number of IPX segments that you wish to internetwork you
  need the services of a router. In the Novell environment there are two
  pieces of information which are necessary to be propagated around the
  network.  They are the network routing information propagated using
  Novell RIP, and the service advertisement information propagated using
  Novell SAP. Any router must support both of these protocols to be
  useful in most situations.

  Linux has support for both of these protocols and can be fairly easily
  made to function as a fully Novell compliant router.

  The Linux kernel IPX support actually manages the IPX packet
  forwarding across interfaces, but it does this according to the rules
  coded into the IPX routing table. Linux needs a program to implement
  the Novell RIP and SAP to ensure that the IPX routing table is built
  correctly and updated periodically to reflect changes in the network
  status.

  Volker Lendecke <lendecke@namu01.gwdg.de> has developed a routing
  daemon ipxripd that will do this for you. The mars_nwe package
  mentioned later includes an alternative routing daemon.

  You can find ipxripd at:

  sunsite.unc.edu
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/ncpfs/ipxripd-0.7.tgz>

  or at Volkers home site at:

  ftp.gwdg.de <ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/misc/ncpfs/ipxripd-0.7.tgz>


  Configuring your Linux machine to act as a router is very
  straightforward.  The steps you must take are:

  1. Build your kernel with IPX, Ethernet and /proc support.

  2. Obtain, compile and install the ipxd daemon program.

  3. Boot the new kernel and ensure that each of the Ethernet cards has
     been properly detected and there are no hardware conflicts.

  4. Enable the IPX protocol on each of the interfaces using the
     ipx_interface command described above.

  5. Start the ipxd daemon program.

  Consider the following simple network:


   IPX Addr: 0x01000000  802.2
  |--------------------------|
                |
                \_________________________
                                          \          Linux Router
   IPX Addr: 0x02000000  802.2             \
  |--------------------------|              \   eth0/-----------\
                |                            \--====|           |
                \_________________________          | IPX route |
                                          \     eth1|  Table    |
   IPX Addr: 0x03000000  etherII           \----====|    ^      |
  |--------------------------|                      |    |      |
                |                               eth2|  IPXd     |
                \______________________________/====|           |
                                                    |  SAPd     |
   IPX Addr: 0x04000000  etherII                eth3|           |
  |--------------------------|                 /====|           |
                |                              |    \___________/
                \______________________________/



  The configuration for the above network would look like:


       # ipx_interface add eth0 802.2 0x0100000000
       # ipx_interface add eth1 802.2 0x0200000000
       # ipx_interface add eth2 etherii 0x0300000000
       # ipx_interface add eth3 etherii 0x0400000000
       # ipxd




  You should then wait a moment or two and check your
  /proc/net/ipx_route file and you should see it populated with the IPX
  routes relevant to your configuration and any learned from any other
  routers in the network.


  8.1.  Do I need to configure an internal network ?

  Novell has a feature called an internal network, which it uses to
  simplify routing in situations where a host has more than one network
  device connected.  This is useful in the case of a fileserver
  connected to multiple networks as it means that only one route needs
  to be advertised to reach the server regardless of which network you
  are attempting from.
  In the case of a configuration where you are not running a fileserver
  and your machine acting only as an IPX router the question is not as
  simple to answer. It has been reported that configuring for IPX/PPP
  works `better' if you also configure an internal network.

  In any case it is easy to do, but may require a rebuild of your
  kernel.  When you are working through the kernel make config you must
  answer y when asked Full internal IPX network as illustrated:



         ...
         ...
        Full internal IPX network (CONFIG_IPX_INTERN) [N/y/?] y
         ...
         ...




  To configure the internal network interface, use the ipx_internal_net
  command described earlier in the IPX tools section. The main
  precaution to take is to ensure that they IPX network address you
  assign is unique on your network and that no other machine or network
  is using it.


  9.  Configuring your Linux machine as an NCP client.

  If you are a user of a mixed technology network that comprises both IP
  and IPX protocols it is likely that at some time or another you have
  wanted to have your Linux machine access data stored on a Novell
  fileserver on your network. Novell have long offered an NFS server
  package for their fileservers that would allow this, but if you are a
  small site or have only a small number of people interested in doing
  this it is difficult to justify the cost of the commercial package.

  Volker Lendecke <lendecke@namu01.gwdg.de> has written a Linux
  filesystem kernel module that supports a subset of the Novell NCP that
  will allow you to mount Novell volumes into your Linux filesystem
  without requiring any additional products for your fileserver.  Volker
  has called the package ncpfs and derived the necessary information
  mainly from the book "Netzwerkprogrammierung in C" by Manfred Hill and
  Ralf Zessin (further details of the book are contained within the
  README file in the ncpfs package).

  The software causes Linux to emulate a normal Novell workstation for
  file services. It also includes a small print utility that allows you
  to print to Novell print queues (This is documented in the Print
  Client section later).  The ncpfs package will work with Novell
  fileservers of version 3.x and later, it will not work the Novell 2.x.
  The ncpfs client will also work with close Novell compatible products,
  but unfortunately some products that claim to be compatible aren't
  compatible enough. To use ncpfs with Novell 4.x fileservers, it is
  preferred to use the Novell server in bindery emulation mode. The NDS
  support is a very recent early beta addition to ncpfs and additionally
  its use may be prohibited in your country due to the inclusion of
  patented technology.



  9.1.  Obtaining ncpfs .

  The latest ncpfs package was designed to be built against the version
  1.2.13 kernel or kernels later than 1.3.71 (this includes 2.x.x).  If
  you not using a kernel in either of these categories then you will
  have to upgrade your kernel. The Kernel-HOWTO <Kernel-HOWTO.html>
  describes how to do this in detail.

  You can obtain the ncpfs package by anonymous ftp from Volker's home
  site at: ftp.gwdg.de <ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/misc/ncpfs/> or
  sunsite.unc.edu
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/ncpfs> or mirror
  sites. The current version at the time of writing was:

  ncpfs-2.0.11.tgz or ncpfs-2.2.0.tgz which adds the NDS support.


  9.2.  Building ncpfs  for kernel 1.2.13.


     Build a kernel with Ethernet and IPX support
        The first thing you need to do is ensure that your kernel has
        been built with IPX support enabled.  In the 1.2.13 version
        kernel you need only ensure that you have answered Y to the
        question: 'The IPX protocol' as illustrated:

         ...
         ...
        Assume subnets are local (CONFIG_INET_SNARL) [y]
        Disable NAGLE algorithm (normally enabled) (CONFIG_TCP_NAGLE_OFF) [n]
        The IPX protocol (CONFIG_IPX) [n] y
        *
        * SCSI support
         ...
         ...


     You will also need to ensure that you include an appropriate driver
     for your Ethernet card. If you do not know how to do this then you
     should read the Ethernet-HOWTO <Ethernet-HOWTO.html>.

     You can then proceed to build your kernel. Make sure you remember
     to run lilo to install it when you have finished.


     Untar the ncpfs software

        # cd /usr/src
        # tar xvfz ncpfs-2.0.11.tgz
        # cd ncpfs




     Check the Makefile
        If you intend to use kerneld to autoload the ncpfs kernel module
        then you must uncomment the line in the Makefile that refers to:
        KERNELD. If you are unsure what this means then you should read
        the Kernel-HOWTO <Kernel-HOWTO.html> to familiarise yourself
        with kernel module configuration.


     Make the ncpfs software
        The software should compile cleanly with no other configuration
        necessary:

        # make




     Copy the IPX tools somewhere useful if you don't already have them.
        After the make has completed you should find all of the tools
        you need in the ncpfs/bin directory. You can use:



          # make install




     to install the tools in Volkers choice of directories. If you are
     running on an ELF based system then you will need to rerun
     `ldconfig -v' to ensure that the shared library is able to be
     found.


     Copy the ncpfs.o module somewhere useful if necessary.
        If you are compiling for a 1.2.* kernel then you will find a
        file called ncpfs.o in the ncpfs/bin directory after the make
        has completed. This is the ncpfs kernel module.  You should copy
        this somewhere useful. On my debian system I have copied it to
        the /lib/modules/1.2.13/fs directory and added ncpfs to the
        /etc/modules file so that it will be automatically started at
        boot time. If you are using some other distribution you should
        find where it keeps its modules and copy it there, or just copy
        it to your /etc directory. To load the modules manually you need
        to use the command:

        # insmod ncpfs.o





  9.3.  Building ncpfs  for kernels 1.3.71++/2.0.*.

  For the latest version of ncpfs you must use kernel 1.3.71 or newer,
  this includes the 2.0.* kernels.

  If you intend using a kernel that is version 1.3.71 or newer then the
  ncpfs kernel code has been included in the standard kernel
  distribution. You need only answer Y to:


       Networking options  --->
           ...
           ...
           <*> The IPX protocol
           ...
       Filesystems  --->
           ...
           ...
           <*> NCP filesystem support (to mount NetWare volumes)
           ...




  You will still need to follow the instructions for building for
  kernels 1.2.* so that you can build the tools but there will not be a
  module file for you to install.




  9.4.  Configuring and using ncpfs .


     Configure the IPX network software
        There are two ways of configuring the IPX network software. You
        can manually configure all of your IPX network information or
        you can choose to let the software determine for itself some
        reasonable settings using the command:



          # ipx_configure --auto_interface=on --auto_primary=on




     This should be reasonable in most circumstances, but if it doesn't
     work for you then read the 'IPX tools' section above to configure
     your software manually. Problems have been noted using this on
     networks containing Windows '95 clients.


     Test the configuration
        After your IPX network is configured you should be able to use
        the slist command to see a list of all of the Novell fileserver
        on your network:

        # slist


     If the slist command displays a message like: ncp_connect: Invalid
     argument then your kernel probably does not support IPX. Check that
     you have actually booted off the appropriate kernel.  When you boot
     you should see messages about 'IPX' and 'ncpfs' in the system
     startup messages. If the slist command does not list all of your
     fileservers then you may need to use the manual network configura­
     tion method.


     Mount a Novell(tm) server or volume.
        If your IPX network software is working ok you should now be
        able to mount a Novell fileserver or volume into your Linux
        filesystem. The ncpmount command is used for this purpose and
        requires that you specify at least the following information:

        1. The fileserver name

        2. (optionally) The fileserver directory to mount

        3. The fileserver login id. If it has a password you will also
           need that.

        4. The mount point ie. where you want the mount to go. This will
           be an existing directory on your machine.

        There is an equivalent ncpumount command to unmount a mounted
        NCP filesystem. The NCP filesystems will be unmounted cleanly if
        you shutdown your machine normally, so you needn't worry about
        ncpumounting your filesystems manually before a halt or
        shutdown.

        An example command to mount fileserver ACCT_FS01, with a login
        id of guest with no password, under the /mnt/Accounts directory
        might look like the following:


        # ncpmount -S ACCT_FS01 /mnt/Accounts -U guest -n


     Note the use of the -n option to indicate that no password is
     required for the login. The same login specifying a password of
     secret would look like:

     # ncpmount -S ACCT_FS01 /mnt/Accounts -U guest -P secret


     If you don't specify either the -n or the -P options you will be
     prompted for a password.


     Check the mount
        If the mount is successful you will find all the volumes
        accessible to the userid used for login listed as directories
        under the mount point. You should then also be able to traverse
        the directory structure to find other files. You may
        alternatively use the -V option to mount a single volume.

        NCP does not provide uid or gid ownership of files. All the
        files will have the permission and ownership assigned to the
        mount point directory restricted by trustee permissions on the
        Novell server. Bear this in mind when sharing mounts between
        Linux users.


     Configure mounts to be automatically performed.
        If you have some need to permanently have an ncp mount then you
        will want to configure the commands above into your rc files so
        that they occur automatically at boot time. If your distribution
        doesn't already provide some way of configuring IPX like debian
        then I recommend you place them in your /etc/rc.local file if
        you have one. You might use something like:


          #
          # Start the ncp filesystem

          /sbin/insmod /lib/modules/1.2.13/fs/ncpfs.o

          # configure the IPX network
          ipx_configure --auto_interface=on --auto_primary=on

          # guest login to the Accounting fileserver
          ncpmount -S ACCT_FS01 /mnt/Accounts -U guest -n

          #




     There is another means of configuring NCP mounts and that is by
     building a $HOME/.nwclient file. This file contains details of tem­
     porary or user specific NCP mounts that would be performed regu­
     larly. It allows you to store the details of mounts so that you can
     recreate them without having to specify all of the detail each
     time.

     Its format is quite straightforward:





     # The first entry is the 'preferred server' entry and is
     # used whenever you do not specify a server explicitly.
     #
     # User TERRY login to DOCS_FS01 fileserver with password 'password'
     DOCS_FS01/TERRY password
     #
     # Guest login to the ACCT_FS01 fileserver with no password.
     ACCT_FS01/GUEST -




     To activate these mounts you could use:


          $ ncpmount /home/terry/docs




     to mount: DOCS_FS01 with a login of TERRY under the
     /home/terry/docs directory. Note that this entry was chosen because
     no fileserver was specified in the mount command. If the following
     command were used:


          $ ncpmount -S ACCT_FS01 /home/terry/docs




     then a GUEST login to ACCT_FS01 would be mounted there instead.

     Note: for this mechanism to work the permissions of the
     $HOME/.nwclient file must be 0600 so you would need to use the
     command:


          $ chmod 0600 $HOME/.nwclient




     If non-root users are to be allowed to use this mechanism then the
     ncpmount command must be Set Userid Root, so you would need to give
     it permissions:


          # chmod 4755 ncpmount





     Try out the nsend utility
        a utility to send messages to Novell users is also included in
        the package, it is called nsend and is used as follows:

        # nsend rod hello there


     would send the message "hello there" to a logged in user "rod" on
     your "primary" fileserver (the first one appearing in your
     .nwclient file. You can specify another fileserver with the same
     syntax as for the ncpmount command.

  10.  Configuring your Linux machine as an NCP server.

  There are two packages available that allow Linux to provide the
  functions of a Novell Fileserver. They both allow you to share files
  on your linux machine with users using Novell NetWare client software.
  Users can attach and map filesystems to appear as local drives on
  their machines just as they would to a real Novell fileserver. You may
  want to try both to see which best serves your intended purpose.


  10.1.  The mars_nwe  package.

  Martin Stover <mstover@freeway.de> developed mars_nwe to enable linux
  to provide both file and print services for NetWare clients.

  In case you are wondering about the name: mars_nwe is Martin Stovers
  Netware Emulator.


  10.1.1.  Capability of mars_nwe .

  mars_nwe implements a subset of the full Novell NCP for file services,
  disk based bindery and also print services. It is likely to contain
  bugs but there are many people using it now and the number of bugs is
  steadily decreasing as new versions are released.


  10.1.2.  Obtaining mars_nwe .

  You can obtain mars_nwe from ftp.gwdg.de
  <ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/misc/ncpfs/> or from
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/ncpfs/>.

  The version current at the time of writing was:
  mars_nwe-0.99.pl10.tgz.


  10.1.3.  Building the mars_nwe  package.


     Build a kernel with Ethernet and IPX Support
        In the 1.2.13 version kernel you need only ensure that you have
        answered Y to the question: 'The IPX protocol' and N to the
        question: `Full internal IPX network' as illustrated:

         ...
         ...
        The IPX protocol (CONFIG_IPX) [n] y
         ...
         ...
        Full internal IPX network (CONFIG_IPX_INTERN) [N/y/?] n
         ...
         ...


     In newer kernels a similar process is adopted but the actual text
     of the prompt may have changed slightly.

     You will also need to ensure that you include an appropriate driver
     for your Ethernet card. If you do not know how to do this then you
     should read the Ethernet-HOWTO <Ethernet-HOWTO.html>.

     You can then proceed to build your kernel. Make sure you remember
     to run lilo to install it when you have finished.


     Untar the mars_nwe package.


          # cd /usr/src
          # tar xvfz mars_nwe-0.99.pl10.tgz





     Make mars_nwe.
        To make the package is very simple.  The first step is to simply
        run make, this will create a config.h file for you. Next you
        should look at and edit the config.h file if necessary. It
        allows you to configure items such as the installation
        directories that will be used and the maximum number of sessions
        and volumes that the server will support. The really important
        entries to look at are:

        FILENAME_NW_INI       the location of the initialisation file
        PATHNAME_PROGS        where the executable support programs will be found.
        PATHNAME_BINDERY      where the 'bindery' files will go.
        PATHNAME_PIDFILES     the directory for the 'pid' files to be written.
        MAX_CONNECTIONS       the maximum number of simultaneous connections allowed.
        MAX_NW_VOLS           the maximum number of volumes mars_nwe will support.
        MAX_FILE_HANDLES_CONN the maximum number of open files per connection.
        WITH_NAME_SPACE_CALLS if you want to support ncpfs clients.
        INTERNAL_RIP_SAP      whether you want mars_nwe to provide rip/sap routing.
        SHADOW_PWD            whether you use shadow passwords or not.



     The defaults will probably be ok but you should check anyway.

     When this is done:


          # make
          # make install




     will build the servers and install them in the appropriate
     directory. The installation script also installs the configuration
     file /etc/nwserv.conf.


     Configure the server.
        Configuration is fairly simple. You need to edit the
        /etc/nwserv.conf file. The format of this file may at first look
        a little cryptic, but it is fairly straightforward. The file
        contains a number of single line configuration items. Each line
        is whitespace delimited and begins with a number that indicates
        the contents of the line. All characters following a '#'
        character are considered a comment and ignored. Martin supplies
        an example configuration file in the package, but I'll present
        what I consider to be a simplified example to offer an
        alternative for you.







     # VOLUMES (max. 5)
     # Only the SYS volume is compulsory. The directory containing the SYS
     # volume must contain the directories: LOGIN, PUBLIC, SYSTEM, MAIL.
     # The 'i' option ignores case.
     # The 'k' option converts all filenames in NCP requests to lowercase.
     # The 'm' option marks the volume as removable (useful for cdroms etc.)
     # The 'r' option set the volume to read-only.
     # The 'o' option indicates the volume is a single mounted filesystem.
     # The 'P' option allows commands to be used as files.
     # The 'O' option allows use of the OS/2 namespace
     # The 'N' option allows use of the NFS namespace
     # The default is upper case.
     # Syntax:
     #    1 <Volumename> <Volumepath>   <Options>

     1   SYS         /home/netware/SYS/               # SYS
     1   DATA        /home/netware/DATA/      k       # DATA
     1   CDROM       /cdrom                   kmr     # CDROM

     # SERVER NAME
     # If not set then the linux hostname will be converted to upper case
     # and used. This is optional, the hostname will be used if this is not
     # configured.
     # Syntax:
     #    2 <Servername>

     2   LINUX_FS01

     # INTERNAL NETWORK ADDRESS
     # The Internal IPX Network Address is a feature that simplifies IPX routing
     # for multihomed hosts (hosts that have ports on more than one IPX network).
     # Syntax:
     #    3 <Internal Network Address> [<Node Number>]
     # or:
     #    3 auto
     #
     # If you use 'auto' then your host IP address will be used. NOTE: this may
     # be dangerous, please be sure you pick a number unique to your network.
     # Addresses are 4byte hexadecimal (the leading 0x is required).

     3   0x49a01010  1


     # NETWORK DEVICE(S)
     # This entry configures your IPX network. If you already have your
     # IPX network configured then you do not need this. This is the same as
     # using ipx_configure/ipx_interface before you start the server.
     # Syntax:
     #    4 <IPX Network Number> <device_name> <frametype> [<ticks>]
     #                         Frame types: ethernet_ii, 802.2, 802.3, SNAP

     4  0x39a01010  eth0  802.3  1

     # SAVE IPX ROUTES AFTER SERVER IS DOWNED
     # Syntax:
     #    5 <flag>
     #       0 = don't save routes, 1 = do save routes

     5 0

     # NETWARE VERSION
     # Syntax:
     #    6 <version>
     #      0 = 2.15, 1 = 3.11

     6 1
     # PASSWORD HANDLING
     # Real Novell DOS clients support a feature which encypts your
     # password when changing it. You can select whether you want your
     # mars server to support this feature or not.
     # Syntax
     #    7 <flag>
     #    <flag> is:
     #        0 to force password encryption. (Clients can't change password)
     #        1 force password encryption, allow unencrypted password change.
     #        7 allow non-encrypted password but no empty passwords.
     #        8 allow non-encrypted password including empty passwords.
     #        9 completely unencrypted passwords (doesn't work with OS/2)

     7 1

     # MINIMAL GID UID rights
     # permissions used for attachments with no login. These permissions
     # will be used for the files in your primary server attachment.
     # Syntax:
     #    10 <gid>
     #    11 <uid>
     #    <gid> <uid> are from /etc/passwd, /etc/groups

     10  200
     11  201

     # SUPERVISOR password
     # May be removed after the server is started once. The server will
     # encrypt this information into the bindery file after it is run.
     # You should avoid using the 'root' user and instead use another
     # account to administer the mars fileserver.
     #
     # This entry is read and encrypted into the server bindery files, so
     # it only needs to exist the first time you start the server to ensure
     # that the password isn't stolen.
     #
     # Syntax:
     #    12 <Supervisor-Login> <Unix username> [<password>]

     12  SUPERVISOR  terry  secret

     # USER ACCOUNTS
     # This associates NetWare logins with unix accounts. Password are
     # optional.
     # Syntax:
          13 <User Login> <Unix Username> [<password>]

     13  MARTIN martin
     13  TERRY  terry

     # LAZY SYSTEM ADMIN CONFIGURATION
     # If you have a large numbers of users and could not be bothered using
     # type 13 individual user mappings, you can automatically map mars_nwe
     # logins to linux user names. BUT, there is currently no means of making
     # use of the linux login password so all users configured this way are
     # will use the single password supplied here. My recommendation is not
     # to do this unless security is absolutely no concern to you.
     # Syntax:
     #    15 <flag> <common-password>
     #    <flag> is: 0  - don't automatically map users.
     #               1  - do automatically map users not configured above.
     #               99 - automatically map every user in this way.

     15  0  duzzenmatta

     # SANITY CHECKING
     # mars_nwe will automatically ensure that certain directories exist if
     # you set this flag.
     # Syntax:
     #    16 <flag>
     #    <flag> is 0 for no, don't, or 1 for yes, do.

     16  0

     # PRINT QUEUES
     # This associates NetWare printers with unix printers. The queue
     # directories must be created manually before printing is attempted.
     # The queue directories are NOT lpd queues.
     # Syntax:
     #    21 <queue_name> <queue_directory> <unix_print_cmd>

     21  EPSON  SYS:/PRINT/EPSON lpr -h
     21  LASER  SYS:/PRINT/LASER lpr -Plaser

     # DEBUG FLAGS
     # These are not normally needed, but may be useful if are you debugging
     # a problem.
     # Syntax:
     #    <debug_item> <debug_flag>
     #
     #    100 = IPX KERNEL
     #    101 = NWSERV
     #    102 = NCPSERV
     #    103 = NWCONN
     #    104 = start NWCLIENT
     #    105 = NWBIND
     #    106 = NWROUTED
     #                 0 = disable debug, 1 = enable debug

     100 0
     101 0
     102 0
     103 0
     104 0
     105 0
     106 0

     # RUN NWSERV IN BACKGROUND AND USE LOGFILE
     # Syntax:
     #    200 <flag>
     #        0 = run NWSERV in foreground and don't use logfile
     #        1 = run NWSERV in background and use logfile

     200  1

     # LOGFILE NAME
     # Syntax:
     #    201 <logfile>

     201  /tmp/nw.log

     # APPEND LOG OR OVERWRITE
     # Syntax:
     #    202 <flag>
     #        0 = append to existing logfile
     #        1 = overwrite existing logfile

     202  1

     # SERVER DOWN TIME
     # This item sets the time after a SERVER DOWN is issued that the
     # server really goes down.
     # Syntax:
     #    210 <time>
     #        in seconds. (defaults 10)

     210  10

     # ROUTING BROADCAST INTERVAL
     # The time is seconds between server broadcasts
     # Syntax:
     #    211 <time>
     #        in seconds. (defaults 60)

     211  60

     # ROUTING LOGGING INTERVAL
     # Set how many broadcasts take place before logging of routing
     # information occurs.
     # Syntax:
     #    300  <number>

     300  5

     # ROUTING LOGFILE
     # Set the name of the routing logfile
     # Syntax:
     #    301 <filename>

     301  /tmp/nw.routes

     # ROUTING APPEND/OVERWRITE
     # Set whether you want to append to an existing log file or
     # overwrite it.
     # Syntax:
     #    302 <flag>
     #        <flag> is 0 for append, 1 for create/overwrite

     302  1

     # WATCHDOG TIMING
     # Set the timing for watchdog messages that ensure the network is
     # still alive.
     # Syntax:
     #    310 <value>
     #        <value> =   0 - always send watchdogs
     #                  < 0 - (-ve) for disable watchdogs
     #                  > 0 - send watchdogs when network traffic
     #                        drops below 'n' ticks

     310  7

     # STATION FILE
     # Set the filename for the stations file which determine which
     # machines this fileserver will act as the primary fileserver for.
     # The syntax of this file is described in the 'examples' directory
     # of the source code.
     # Syntax:
     #    400 <filename>

     400  /etc/nwserv.stations

     # GET NEAREST FILESERVER HANDLING
     # Set how SAP Get Nearest Fileserver Requests are handled.
     # Syntax:
     #    401 <flag>
     #        <flag> is: 0 - disable 'Get Nearest Fileserver' requests.
     #                   1 - The 'stations' file lists stations to be excluded.
     #                   2 - The 'stations' file lists stations to be included.

     401  2





     Start the server
        If you've configured the server to expect external programs to
        configure your network and/or provide the routing function then
        you should start those before starting the server. Presuming you
        have configured the server so that it will configure your
        interfaces for you and provide the routing services you need
        only issue the command:


          # nwserv





     Test the server
        To test the server you should first try to attach and login from
        a NetWare client on your network. You then set a CAPTURE from
        the client and attempt a print. If both of these are successful
        then the server is working.


  10.2.  The lwared  package.

  Ales Dryak <A.Dryak@sh.cvut.cz> developed lwared to allow Linux to
  function as an NCP based fileserver.

  Ales has called the package lwared, an abbreviation for LinWare
  Daemon.


  10.2.1.  Capability of lwared .

  The lwared server is capable of providing a subset of the full
  function of the Novell NCP. It incorporates messaging but it does not
  provide any printing facilities at all. It does not currently work
  very well with either Windows95 or Windows NT clients. The lwared
  server relies on external programs to build and update the IPX routing
  and SAP tables.  Misbehaving clients can cause the server to crash.
  Importantly, filename translation facilities have not been included.

  The server does work for NETX and VLM NetWare shells.


  10.2.2.  Obtaining lwared

  The lwared package can be built for any kernel newer than 1.2.0, I
  recommend you use version 1.2.13 as no kernel patches are required if
  you do. Some of the IPX functionality has changed with the version
  1.3.* kernels and this means that patches are now required to make it
  work properly. Appropriate patches are included for the new kernels,
  so if you must use an alpha kernel you should still be able to get
  lwared to work properly for you.

  You can obtain the lwared package by anonymous ftp from:
  klokan.sh.cvut.cz <ftp://klokan.sh.cvut.cz/pub/linux/linware/>


  or from:

  sunsite.unc.edu
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/network/daemons> or mirror
  sites. The current version at the time of writing was:
  lwared-0.95.tar.gz


  10.2.3.  Building lwared


     Untar the lwaredpackage
        Something like:

        # cd /usr/src
        # tar xvpfz lwared-0.95.tar.gz




     Build a kernel with Ethernet and IPX support
        If you are using an alpha 1.3.* kernel then you should try and
        use kernel version 1.3.17 or newer because the supplied patches
        were built against it. 1.3.* kernels older than 1.3.17 will
        require hand patching to install. (some information on how to do
        this is included in the INSTALL file in the package.). To
        install the patches against a 1.3.17 kernel or newer you should
        try:

        # make patch



     After applying the patches if necessary, the next thing you need to
     do is ensure that your kernel has been built with IPX support
     enabled. In the 1.2.13 version kernel you need only ensure that you
     have answered Y to the question: 'The IPX protocol' as illustrated:

      ...
      ...
     Assume subnets are local (CONFIG_INET_SNARL) [y]
     Disable NAGLE algorithm (normally enabled) (CONFIG_TCP_NAGLE_OFF) [n]
     The IPX protocol (CONFIG_IPX) [n] y
     *
     * SCSI support
      ...
      ...


     In newer kernels a similar process is adopted by the actual text of
     the prompt may have changed slightly.

     You will also need to ensure that you include an appropriate driver
     for your Ethernet card. If you do not know how to do this then you
     should read the Ethernet-HOWTO <Ethernet-HOWTO.html>.

     You can then proceed to build your kernel. Make sure you remember
     to run lilo to install it when you have finished.


     Compile and install lwared.
        To compile lwared you should first check, edit if necessary, the
        server/config.h file. This file contains various settings that
        will govern the way your server will behave when it is running.
        The defaults are reasonable, though you might want to check that
        the directories specified for the log files and configuration
        files suit your system.

        # make depend
        # make
        # make install


     I found that the 'make depend' complained about not finding the
     float.h file on my system but appeared to work anyway.  I also
     found that when I tried compiling with gcc 2.6.3 I found I had to
     change the line:

     #include <net/route.h>


     to

     #include <net/if_route.h>


     in lib/ipxkern.c as this file changed name sometime.

     The 'make install' will attempt to install the server and routing
     daemon programs into your /usr/sbin directory, the lwpasswd program
     into your /usr/bin directory, the IPX utility programs will be
     installed into your /sbin directory and last but not least the
     manual pages will go into the /usr/man directory structure. If any
     of these locations are not suitable for your system then you should
     edit the relevant Makefile and change the target directories to
     suit.



  10.2.4.  Configuring and using lwared

  Now the fun bit!


     Configuring the IPX network
        The first thing you must do is configure your Ethernet
        interfaces to support the IPX networks your server will support.
        To do this you will need to know the IPX network addresses for
        each of your LAN segments, which Ethernet device (eth0, eth1
        etc.) is on which segment, what frame type (802.3, EtherII etc.)
        each LAN segment uses and what Internal Network address your
        server should use (this is really needed if your server will
        service more than one LAN segment).  A configuration for a
        server that is on two dis-similar segments with IPX network
        addresses 23a91300 and 23a91301 and internal network address
        bdefaced might look like:

        # ipx_internal_net add BDEFACED 1
        # ipx_interface add eth0 802.3 23a91300
        # ipx_interface add eth1 etherii 23a91301




     Start the routing daemons
        The kernel software itself actually does the IPX packet
        forwarding as it does for IP, but the kernel requires additional
        programs to manage the routing table updates. In the case of IPX
        two daemons are needed and both are supplied with lwared:
        ipxripd manages the IPX routing information and ipxsapd manages
        the SAP information.  To start the daemons you need only specify
        the location of where they should write their log messages:
        # ipxripd /var/adm/ipxrip
        # ipxsapd /var/adm/ipxsap




     Configure the lwared server
        There are two files that you must manually configure to allow
        user login to your lwared server.  They are:



        /etc/lwpasswd
           This is where LinWare user account information is kept. The
           lwpasswd program is to keep it up to date.  In its simplest
           form the /etc/lwpasswd file looks like:

           ales:
           terryd:
           guest:


        Its format is a simple list of login id followed by a ':' char­
        acter and then the encrypted version of the login passwd. A cou­
        ple of important caveats here: No encrypted password means no
        password, LinWare users must have Linux accounts, that is any
        user you place in /etc/lwpasswd must also appear in /etc/passwd
        and root is the only account that can change the password of
        another LinWare user. If you are logged in as root you can
        change the password of a LinWare user as this transcript demon­
        strates:

        # lwpasswd rodg
        Changing password for RODG
        Enter new password:
        Re-type new password:
        Password changed.



        /etc/lwvtab
           This is the LinWare volume tables and it stores information
           about what directories should be made available to LinWare
           users (this file is similar in nature to the NFS /etc/exports
           file). A simple example of its format is as follows:

           SYS             /lwfs/sys
           DATA            /lwfs/data
           HOME            /home


        The format is simple: Volume name followed by whitespace fol­
        lowed by Linux directory to export. You must have at least an
        entry for the SYS volume for the server to start. If you intend
        your DOS based users to be able use your LinWare server as their
        primary server then you must install a standard SYS volume
        directory structure underneath the directory you export as your
        SYS volume. Since these files are proprietary and copyright to
        the Novell corporation you should have a license for these. If
        you users will be using a Novell fileserver as their primary
        server then this will not be necessary.


     Start the lwared server.
        tada!

        # lwared


     It is almost an anticlimax isn't it ? Ok so you've got a question,
     right?  What is the fileserver name that is being advertised ? If
     you started the server as shown then the LinWare server name being
     advertised will be based on what is returned by the Linux hostname.
     If you'd like it to be something else then you can give the server
     the name when you start it, for example:

     # lwared -nlinux00


     would start the server with the name linux00.


     Test the lwared server.
        The very first thing to test is that your LinWare server appears
        in an slist from a DOS client on your network. The slist program
        is stored on the SYS volume of a Novell fileserver so you must
        do this from a machine that is already logged in somewhere. If
        this is not successful then check that ipxsapd and lwared are
        both running. If the slist is successful then you should try
        attaching to the server and mapping a volume:

        C:> attach linux00/ales
         ...
         ...
        C:> map l:=linux00/data:
        C:> l:


     You should then be able to treat the new map just like any other
     map. The file permissions you will have will be based on those
     allowed to the linux account that parallels your LinWare login.



  11.  Configuring your Linux machine as a Novell Print Client.

  The ncpfs package includes two small programs that allow you to handle
  printing from you Linux machine to a printer attached to a Novell
  print server.  The nprint command allows you to print to a file to a
  NetWare print queue. The pqlist command allows you the list the
  available print queues on a NetWare server.

  To obtain and install these commands just follow the instructions
  relating to the NCP client described earlier.

  Both commands require that you supply username and password so you
  might normally consider building some shell scripts to make the task
  of printing easier.

  An example might look like:


       # pqlist -S ACCT_FS01 -U guest -n
       # nprint -S ACCT_FS01 -q LASER -U guest -n filename.txt




  The login syntax is similar to the ncpmount command. The examples
  above assume that fileserver ACCT_FS01 has a guest account with no
  password, that a print queue called LASER exists and that guest is
  allowed to print to it.
  On my Linux boxen I have a short shell script for each Novell printer.
  This can then be used as a print filter to allow printing using the
  standard Linux spooler.


  12.  Configuring your Linux machine as a Novell Print Server.

  A program to allow your Linux machine to act as a print server on a
  Netware network is included in the ncpfs package. For instructions on
  how to obtain and build, it follow the directions in the `Netware
  client' section above. Alternatively, support is included in the
  mars_nwe package.



  12.1.  Prerequisites

  Configuration is quite straightforward but relies on you already
  having your printer configuration completed and working under Linux.
  This is covered in the Printing-HOWTO <Printing-HOWTO.html> in some
  depth.


  12.2.  Configuration

  When you have a working printer configuration, and you have built and
  installed the pserver utility then you need to add commands to start
  it into your rc files.

  Exactly what command will use will depend on depend on exactly how you
  want it to operate, but in its simplest form something like the
  following will work:



       # pserver -S ACCT_01 -U LASER -P secret -q LASERJET




  This example asks the pserver utility to login in to the ACCT_01
  fileserver with username LASER and password secret and to take jobs
  from the LASERJET print queue. When an incoming print job is received
  it will use the default print command of lpr to feed the print job to
  the Linux print daemon. The print queue must already be defined on the
  fileserver and the username must have server priveliges for the queue.

  You could if you wished use any Linux command to accept and print the
  print job. The -c argument allows you to specify the exact print
  command.  For example:


       # pserver -S ACCT_01 -U LASER -P secret -q LASERJET -c "lpr -Plaserjet"




  would do exactly the same as the previous example except it would send
  the job to the laserjet printcap configuration instead of the default
  one.


  13.  An overview of the ncpfs  user and adminstration commands

  Recent versions of Volker's ncpfs package include a range of user and
  administration commands that you might want to use. The tools are
  built and installed as part of the ncpfs installation process, so if
  you haven't already, follow the instructions supplied in the Novell
  Client section above to build and install them.

  Detailed information is available in the supplied man pages but a
  brief summary of the commands is as follows;


  13.1.  User commands.


     ncopy
        Network Copy - allows efficient file copies to be performed by
        using a Netware function rather than a copy across the network.

     nprint
        Network Print - allows you to print a file to a Netware print
        queue on a Netware server.

     nsend
        Network Send - allows you to send messages to other users on a
        Netware server.

     nwbols
        List Bindery Objects - allows you to list the bindery contents
        of a Netware server.

     nwboprops
        List Properties of a Bindery Object - allows you to the
        properties of a Netware bindery object.

     nwbpset
        Set Bindery Property - allows you to set the properties of a
        Netware bindery object.

     nwbpvalues
        Print Netware Bindery Objects Property Contents - allows you to
        print the contents of a Netware bindery property.

     nwfsinfo
        Fileserver Information - prints some summary information about a
        Netware server.

     nwpasswd
        Netware Password - allows you to change a Netware users
        password.

     nwrights
        Netware Rights - displays the rights associated with a
        particular file or directory.

     nwuserlist
        Userlist - lists the users currently logged into a Netware
        fileserver.

     pqlist
        Print Queue List - displays the contents of a Netware print
        queue.

     slist
        Server List - displays a list of know Netware fileserver.





  13.2.  Administration tools.


     nwbocreate
        Create a Bindery Object - allows you to create a Netware bindery
        object.

     nwborm
        Remove Bindery Object - allows you to delete a Netware bindery
        object.

     nwbpadd
        Add Bindery Property - allows you to set the value of an
        existing property of a Netware bindery object.

     nwbpcreate
        Create Bindery Property - allows you to create a new property
        for an existing Netware bindery object.

     nwbprm
        Remove Bindery Property - allows you to remove a property from a
        Netware bindery object.

     nwgrant
        Grant Trustee Rights - allows you to assign trustee rights to a
        directory on a Netware fileserver.

     nwrevoke
        Revoke Trustee Rights - allows you to remove trustee rights from
        a directory on a Netware fileserver.



  14.  Configuring PPP for IPX support.

  New versions of the pppd PPP daemon for Linux have support that allows
  you to carry IPX packets across a PPP serial link. You need at least
  version ppp-2.2.0d of the daemon. See the PPP-HOWTO <PPP-HOWTO.html>
  for details on where to find it. When you compile pppd you must ensure
  you enable the IPX support by adding the following two lines:



       IPX_CHANGE = 1
       USE_MS_DNS = 1




  to: /usr/src/linux/pppd-2.2.0f/pppd/Makefile.linux.

  The IPX_CHANGE is what configures the IPX support into PPP.  The
  USE_MS_DNS define allows Microsoft Windows95 machines to do Name
  Lookups.

  The real trick to getting it to work in knowing how to configure it.

  There are many ways of doing this, but I'm only going to describe the
  two that I've received any information on. I've tried neither yet, so
  consider this section experimental, and if you get something to work,
  please let me know.





  14.1.  Configuring an IPX/PPP server.

  The first thing you need to do is configure your Linux machine as an
  IP/PPP server. Don't panic! This isn't difficult. Again, follow the
  instructions in the PPP-HOWTO <PPP-HOWTO.html> and you should be
  pretty much ok. When you have this done there are a couple of simple
  modifications you need to make to get IPX working over the same
  configuration.


  14.1.1.  First steps.

  One of the first steps you must take is to configure your linux
  machine as an IPX router as described in the appropriate section
  earlier in this document.  You won't need to use the ipx_route command
  for the ppp interface because pppd will configure these for you as it
  does for IP. When you have the ipxd daemon running it will
  automatically detect any new IPX interfaces and propogates routes for
  them. In this way your dialup hosts will be seen by other machines
  automatically when they connect.



  14.1.2.  Design.

  When you are running as a server it will normally be your
  responsibility to assign network address to each of the PPP links when
  they are established.  This is an important point, each PPP link will
  be an IPX network and will have a unique IPX network address. This
  means that you must decide how you will allocate addresses and what
  what they will be. A simple convention is to allocate one IPX network
  address to each serial device that will support IPX/PPP. You could
  allocate IPX network addresses based on the login id of the connecting
  user, but I don't see any particularly good reason to do so.

  I will assume that this is what you have done, and that there are two
  serial devices (modems) that we will use. The addresses I've assigned
  in this contrived example are:



       device IPX Network Address
       ------ -------------------
       ttyS0  0xABCDEF00
       ttyS1  0xABCDEF01





  14.1.3.  Configure pppd .

  Configure your /etc/ppp/options.ttyS0 file as follows:



       ipx-network 0xABCDEF00
       ipx-node 2:0
       ipxcp-accept-remote




  and your /etc/ppp/options.ttyS1 file as:


       ipx-network 0xABCDEF01
       ipx-node 3:0
       ipxcp-accept-remote




  These will ask pppd to allocate the appropriate IPX network addresses
  to the link when the link is established, set the local node number to
  2 or 3 and will let the remote node overwrite what the remote node
  number with what it thinks it is. Note that each of the addresses are
  hexadecimal numbers and that 0x is required at the start of the
  network address, but not required at the start of the node address.

  There are other places this information could be configured. If you
  have only one dialin modem then an entry could go into the
  /etc/ppp/options file. Alternatively this information can be passed on
  the command line to pppd.


  14.1.4.  Test the server configuration.

  To test the configuration you will need to have a client configuration
  that is known to work. When the caller dials in, logs in and pppd
  starts it will assign the network address, advise the client of the
  servers node number and negotiate the clients node number. When this
  has completed, and after ipxd has detected the new interface the
  client should be able to establish IPX connections to remote hosts.


  14.2.  Configuring an IPX/PPP client.

  In a client configuration, whether or not you configure your Linux
  machine as an IPX router depends on whether you have a local LAN that
  you wish to act as an IPX router for. If you are a standalone machine
  connecting to an IPX/PPP dialin server then you won't need to run
  ipxd, but if you have a LAN and wish all of the machines on the LAN to
  make use of the IPX/PPP route then you must configure and run ipxd as
  described.  This configuration is much simpler because you do not have
  multiple serial devices to configure.


  14.2.1.  Configuring pppd

  The simplest configuration is one that allows the server to supply all
  of the IPX network configuration information. This configuration would
  be compatible with the server configuration described above.

  Again you need to add some options to your /etc/ppp/options file, they
  are:


       ipxcp-accept-network
       ipxcp-accept-remote
       ipxcp-accept-local




  These options tell pppd to act completely passively and accept all of
  the configuration details from the server. You could supply default
  values here for servers that don't supply details by adding ipx-
  network and ipx-node entries similar to the server configuration.



  14.2.2.  Testing the IPX/PPP client.

  To test the client you will need a known working server to dial into.
  After you have dialled in and pppd has run you should see the IPX
  details configured on your ppp0 device when you run the ifconfig
  command and you should be able to use ncpmount.

  I'm not sure whether you will have to manually add IPX routes so that
  you can reach distant fileserver or not. This seems likely. If anyone
  running this configuration could tell me I'd be grateful.


  15.  IPX tunnel over IP

  Many of you will be in a situation where you have two Novell Local
  Area Netorks with only an IP connection between them. How do you play
  multiplayer deathmatch DOOM for DOS via this arrangement you might ask
  ? Andreas Godzina <ag@agsc.han.de> has an answer for you in the form
  of ipxtunnel.

  ipxtunnel provides a bridge-like facility for IPX by allowing IPX
  packets to be encapsulated with tcp/ip datagrams so that they can be
  carried by a tcp/ip connection. It listens for IPX packets and when it
  hears one it wraps it within a tcp/ip datagram and routes it to a
  remote IP address that you specify. For this to work of course the
  machine that you route the encapsulated IPX must also be running a
  copy of the same version of ipxtunnel as you.


  15.1.  Obtaining ipxtunnel

  You can obtain ipxtunnel from sunsite.unc.edu
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/network/daemons> or mirror
  sites.


  15.2.  Building ipxtunnel

  ipxtunnel built cleanly for me using the following commands:


       # cd /usr/src
       # tar xvfz .../ipxtunnel.tgz
       # cd ipxtunnel
       # make





  15.3.  Configuring ipxtunnel

  Configuration for ipxtunnel is easy. Lets say that your friends
  machine is gau.somewhere.com and your machine is called gim.sw.edu.
  ipxtunnel uses a configuration file called /etc/ipxtunnel.conf. This
  file allows you to specify the default UDP port to use for the tcp/ip
  connection, where to send the encapsulated data and which of your
  local interfaces ipxtunnel should listen on and deliver IPX packets
  to.

  A simple configuration file would look like the following:





  #
  # /etc/ipxtunnel.conf for gim.sw.edu
  #
  # The UDP port to use:                       (default 7666)
  port 7777
  #
  # The remote machine to send IPX packets to: (no default)
  remote gau.somewhere.com
  #
  # The local interfaces to listen for IPX on: (default eth0)
  interface eth0
  interface eth1




  Obviously the other machine would have a similar configuration file
  specifying this machine as a remote host.


  15.4.  Testing and using ipxtunnel

  ipxtunnel acts like an IPX bridge, so the IPX networks at either end
  of the link should probably be the same. Andreas has never tested the
  ipxtunnel in an environment that actually supports Novell file servers
  so if you do try this in a real environment let Andreas know if it
  works or not.

  If the ipxtunnel is working you should be able to start your DOOM
  machines up at each end of the link running IPX mode and they should
  see each other.

  Andreas has only used this code over good high speed lines and he
  makes no claim as to its performance when your link is low speed.
  Again, let him know what works for you and what doesn't.



  16.  Commercial IPX support for Linux.




  16.1.  Caldera'a Network Desktop

  Caldera Inc., produce a Linux distribution that features a range of
  commercially supported enhancements including fully functional Novell
  NetWare client support. The base distribution is the well respected
  Red Hat Linux Distribution and Caldera have added their "Network
  Desktop" products to this.  The NetWare support provides a fully
  featured Novell NetWare client built on technology licensed from
  Novell Corporation. The client provides full client access to Novell
  3.x and 4.x fileservers and includes features such as NetWare
  Directory Service (NDS) and RSA encryption.

  You can obtain much more information and ordering details from the:
  Caldera Inc Web Server <http://www.caldera.com/>.

  If you work within a Netware 4.x and/or NDS environment then the
  Caldera Netware Client is the only solution available.

  If you have a business critical application for Novell support for
  Linux then the Caldera product should be something you take a close
  look at.


  17.  Some Frequently Asked Questions


     Where can I find commercially supported IPX software for Linux ?
        The Caldera Corporation offers a fully licensed and fully
        supported Netware 3.x and 4.x client. You can obtain information
        about it from the Caldera Inc Web Server
        <http://www.caldera.com/>.


     Does the IPX software work with Arcnet/Token Ring/etc. ?
        The Linux IPX software does work with ArcNet and Token Ring
        interfaces.  I haven't heard of anyone trying it with AX.25 yet.
        Configuration is the same as for configuring for ethernet except
        you will have to substitute appropriate device names in place of
        'eth0' and appopriate hardware addresses where necessary.


     How do I configure more than one IPX interface ?
        If you have more than one interface in your machine you should
        use the ipx_interface command to manually configure each one,
        you should not use the `plug n play' configuration.


     How do I choose IPX addresses ?
        IPX networking is similar, but not identical to, IP networking.
        A major difference is the way that addresses are used. IPX does
        not use the concept of subnetworking and so the sort of
        associations that you have between network addresses and
        networks is different. The rules are fairly simple:

     ˇ  Every IPX network address must be unique on a wide area network.
        This includes Internal Network Addresses. Many organisations
        using IPX over a wide area network will have some sort of
        addressing standard that you should follow.

     ˇ  Every Host address on an individual network must be unique. This
        means that every host on each IPX network must have a uniquely
        assigned address. In the case of ethernet network this isn't
        difficult as the cards each have a unique address. In the case
        of IPX/PPP this means you must ensure that you allocate unique
        addresses to all hosts on the network, irrespective of which end
        of the link(s) they are connected. Host address do not need to
        be unique across a wide area network as the network address is
        used in combination with the host address to uniquely identify a
        host.


     What are frame types, which should I use ?
        There are a variety of frame types in use over which you can run
        IPX.  The most common of these are described in the 'common
        terms' section of this document (under the `Frame Type entry').

        If you are installing your machine on an existing network then
        you must use whatever is already in use to allow you to
        interwork with the other hosts on the network, but if the
        installation is a brand new network you can use any of a range
        of protocols to carry  your IPX traffic. My recommendation if
        you are configuring a brand new network and you need to carry
        both IPX and IP traffic is to use the Ethernet_II frame type.


     My Windows95 machines mess up my frame type autodetection ?
        Apparently they can, yeah. I could make nasty comments, but
        instead I'll just suggest that you use the manual frame type
        configuration instead of the automatic one. It is probably the
        better way anyway.


     Why do I get the message `invalid argument' when I configure IPX ?
        You are probably not running a kernel that supports IPX, either
        recompile your kernel so it does, or double check that you have
        actually used lilo to install and run the new kernel.


     Why do I get the message `package not installed' when I configure
        IPX ?
        You are probably not running a kernel that supports IPX, either
        recompile your kernel so it does, or double check that you have
        actually used lilo to install and run the new kernel.


     Why do I get the message `IPX support not in kernel' from pppd ?
        You've probably compiled IPX as a module and not ensured that it
        was loaded before started pppd.


     How do I NFS export a mounted NCP filesystem ?
        To use NFS to export an NCP filesystem you must mount it using
        the ncpmount -V option. This option allows you to mount only one
        volume of a fileserver instead of the usual mounting of all of
        them.  When you do this your NFS daemon will allow you to export
        that filesystem in the usual way.


     Why doesn't slist work when I have an internel network with
        mars_nwe ?
        You must have the get nearest server enabled.  That is, entry
        401 in /etc/nwserv.conf should be 0 unless you have a reason for
        not responding to get nearest servers.  If you just want slist
        to work and not respond to every get nearest server request,
        include your internal network and node number in
        /etc/nwserv.stations and set entry 401 in /etc/nwserv.conf to 2.


     Does ncpfs package work with mars_nwe ?
        Martin and Volker's code is slowly beginning to converge. Recent
        versions of mars_nwe have an option to enable it to work with
        ncpfs.  You must enable the WITH_NAME_SPACE_CALLS in the
        mars_nwe config.h file.


     Is there any free DOS software to work with mars_nwe ?
        A contrived question deserves a contrived answer. I'm glad you
        asked, Martin has a package that he distributes alongside his
        mars_nwe package that offers free DOS client support for the
        mars_nwe server.  You can find it at the same sites as the
        server, and it will be called mars_dosutils-0.01.tgz. It
        includes C source code for programs such as slist.exe,
        login.exe, map.exe etc. The source is compilable with
        Borland(tm) C.



  18.  Copyright Message.

  The IPX-HOWTO, a guide to software supporting the IPX protocol for
  Linux.  Copyright (c) 1995 Terry Dawson.

  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
  your option) any later version.

  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
  General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  along with this program; if not, write to the:

  Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
  USA.


  19.  Miscellaneous and Acknowledgements.

  Terry Dawson <terry@perf.no.itg.telstra.com.au> for the original
  document

  David E. Storey <dave@tamos.gmu.edu> and Volker Lendecke
  <lendecke@namu01.gwdg.de> both assisted greatly by supplying me with
  information for this document.  Gilbert Callaghan
  <gilbert@pokey.inviso.com>, David Higgins <dave@infra.com> and Chad
  Robinson <chadr@brtgate.brttech.com> each contributed information on
  configuring IPX/PPP.  Bennie Venter <bjv@Gil-galad.paradigm-sa.com>
  contributed some useful information relating to frame types.
  Christopher Wall <vergil@idir.net contributed some useful suggestions
  to improve the readability and layout of the document.  Axel Boldt
  <boldt@math.ucsb.edu> contributed some useful suggestions and
  feedback.  Erik D. Olson <eriko@wrq.com> provided some useful feedback
  and information on configuring PPP for IPX.  Brian King
  <root@brian.library.dal.ca> contributed a question for the FAQ
  section.

  "NetWare" is a registered trademark of the Novell Corporation
  <http://www.novell.com/>.  "Caldera" is a registered trademark of the
  Caldera Corporation <http://www.caldera.com/>.



  regards Kevin Thorpe.

  <kevin@pricetrak.com>

























